A Review on the Biochemical, Antimicrobial and Organoleptic Studies on the Germination Profile of Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana)

Keywords

Finger Millet; Functional Food; Organoleptic Appeal; Antibacterial.

Introduction

Finger millet is an annual plant widely grown as a cereal in the semi-arid parts of the world. In India it is cultivated over an area of 2.65 million hectares with total production of about 2.9 million tonnes. The state of Karnataka is a leading producer accounting for 58% of India’s finger millet production. Millets, being less expensive compared to cereals and the staple for the poorer sections of population, could be the choice for nutritional contents. It is a tufted crop growing to a height of 30-150cm and maturing in 75-160 days. Leaves are narrow, grass-like and capable of producing many tillers and nodal branches. The panicle consists of a group of digitally arranged spikes often referred as ‘fingers’. Grain is oblong to round and oval, reddish brown in colour with the grain surface finely corrugated. The crop is of tropical and subtropical climate it can be grown successfully from sea level to an altitude of 1800 meters on hill slopes as well as in plains. Finger millet can be grown on a wide range of soil from poor to very fertile soils. It thrives best in well drained loam to light red loam and sandy loam soils of good fertility.

Materials and Methods

The proximate principles of finger millet (Eleusine coracana) seeds were analyzed in the present study. Six samples with 0hr, 4hr, 6hr, 8hr, 12hr, 24hr of sprouting were taken and compared with Wheat sample. Fresh samples were taken for proximate principles and mineral analysis daily.

Moisture and mineral analysis

All the finger millet samples were tested for moisture analysis by hot air oven and mineral analysis by ashing method

Total carbohydrates by anthrone method

Total carbohydrates of each sample were analyzed colorimetrically using anthrone reagent: Dissolve 200mg anthrone in 100ml of ice cold 95% H2SO4. Prepare fresh before use. Standard Glucose stock, 2.5N HCl. The absorbance was read at 630 nm.

Dietary fibres

Dietary fibers were estimated using Petroleum ether, Alcohol, Sulphuric acid solution:1.25g concentrated sulphuric acid diluted to 100ml,Sodium hydroxide solution:1.25g sodium hydroxide in 100ml distilled water

Vitamin C by using Harris–ray method

Vitamin C in all the samples were estimated using 2,6 dichlorophenol indophenols blue solution, Glacial acetic acid, Standard Vitamin C solution (0.02mg/ml), Working Vitamin C solution, Meta phosphoric acid

Phosphorus by Fiske-Subbarow method

Phosphorus content was estimated using Acid molybdate reagent, 1,2,4 aminonaphthosulphonic acid (0.25%), Stock standard phosphorus solution, Dissolve 0.351mg of pure potassium dihydrogen phosphate in water, add 10ml of NH2SO4 and make the volume to 1 liter, Working standard phosphorus solution(0.008mg/ml)

Calcium by Ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid method

Calcium content was estimated using 0.01M EDTA-0.930g EDTA in 250ml distilled water, Ammonia buffer (NH3:NH4OH at ph10), Eriochrome black t indicator

Antimicrobial activity

Sample preparation

10gms was weighed and grinded in mortar pestle using chilled distilled water.Filter the seeds and measure the volume of chilled distilled water added after extraction.The extract was autoclaved and refrigerated at 4○C.Extract is then used for determination of Minimum inhibitory concentration.

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration was determined using Stock-Autoclaved non germinated(0hrs) and germinated(12hrs) finger millet seeds,Diluent-Sterile Nutrient Broth,Culture-24hrs old E.coli culture,Incubation time-Incubated at 37°C for 24hrs.

Extraction of DNA by Phenol Chloroform method

Extraction was carried out using Sterile phosphate buffer (pH7.0),Lysis buffer, Proteinase K (20 mg/ml), Absolute ethanol, 70% ethanol, Phenol: Chloroform:Isoamly alcohol (25:24:1), T.E (Tris-EDTA) buffer

Quantitative analysis of DNA by Agarose gel electrophoresis

Qualitative analysis of DNA using Agarose Gel Electrophoresis was done using Agarose, 1X TBE buffer, 10mg/ml Ethidium bromide, 6X gel loading dye

Real time PCR

Polymerase Chain Reaction was performed using SyBr Green Master Mix, Primers, MilliQ

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Figure 1. The study showed an increase in Carbohydrates, the major source of biological energy which is obtained through oxidation in the tissue. This information supports that finger millets are healthy sources of carbohydrates for persons with insulin sensitivity or diabetes.

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Figure 2. Finger millet is rich in Calcium and phosphorus which helps in development of bones in growing children and in maintenance of bone health in adults. It may also keep diseases such as osteoporosis at bay and could reduce risk of fracture.

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Figure 3. Finger millet is rich in Calcium and phosphorus which helps in development of bones in growing children and in maintenance of bone health in adults. It may also keep diseases such as osteoporosis at bay and could reduce risk of fracture.

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Figure 4. The high fiber in the finger millet may enhance digestibility and also aid the peristaltic movement of the intestinal tract.

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Figure 5. Due to high Vitamin C content that is antioxidants may help fight off free radicals in the body, warding off inflammation, infections.

Table 1 & 2. From antimicrobial studies The MIC for non-germinated finger millet (0hrs) was found to be 110mg/ml. The MIC for germinated finger millet (12hrs) was found to be 125mg/ml.

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Table 1. Non-germinated finger millet seeds

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Table 2. Germinated finger millet seeds (12hours)

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Figure 6. DNA from the MIC sample (germinated and non- germinated finger millet) was extracted using Phenol Chloroform method. The presence of genomic DNA was confirmed by running DNA sample on 1% agarose gel at 50 to 60 Volts, until the dye front approximately ran 75-80% of the gel. The DNA bands obtained was observed using U.V transilluminator.

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Figure 7. Endogenous control gene

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Figure 8. Reference gene

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Figure 9

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Figure 10

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Table 3

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Figure 11. Overall Preference

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Figure 12. Preference of the subject to buy the product if commercially available

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Figure 13. VFM of the Product

Results and Discussions

The proximate analysis and antimicrobial activity reveal that finger millets were found to contain higher amounts of carbohydrates, dietary fibers, calcium, phosphorus and vitamin C when compared with wheat.

Conclusions

Finger millet occupy an important place in the world food and economy.They can adapt themselves to marginal soils and varied environmental conditions.Finger millets are the staple diet for nearly 1/3rd of the world’s population.By considering these points an evaluation of proximate principles,Antimicrobial, and organoleptic studies was conducted.Finger millet contain large quantities of all the essential aspects and posses antibacterial activity which prevent deterioration of human health.