Effect Of Indian Spices On Colour Stability Of Two Commercially Available Glass Ionomer Cements - An In Vitro Study
R Shruthi Devi1, Jayalakshmi S2*, Balaji Ganesh S3, Sasidharan S4
1 Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai- 77, India.
2 Reader, White lab - Material Research Centre, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences [SIMATS], Saveetha University, Chennai- 77, India.
3 Senior Lecturer, White lab - Material Research Centre, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences [SIMATS], Saveetha University, Chennai- 77, India.
4 Tutor, White lab - Material Research Centre, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences [SIMATS], Saveetha University, Chennai- 77, India.
*Corresponding Author
Jayalakshmi S,
Reader, White lab - Material Research Centre, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences [SIMATS], Saveetha University, Chennai-
77, Tamilnadu, India.
E-mail: jayalakshmisomasundaram@saveetha.com
Received: September 13, 2021; Accepted: September 23, 2021; Published: September 24, 2021
Citation:R Shruthi Devi, Jayalakshmi S, Balaji Ganesh S, Sasidharan S. Effect Of Indian Spices On Colour Stability Of Two Commercially Available Glass Ionomer Cements - An In Vitro Study. Int J Dentistry Oral Sci. 2021;8(9):4648-4652. doi: dx.doi.org/10.19070/2377-8075-21000947
Copyright: Jayalakshmi S©2021. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Abstract
Introduction: Recent advancements have been made in the field of dental aesthetics for repairing damaged teeth producing
a flawless appearance. Colour stability is an important property that assess success or failure of treatment. GIC is a restorative
material that has physico-chemical bonding to both enamel and dentin and is similar to colour of natural teeth. Our study
aims to find out the colour stability by comparing two different brands of GIC in turmeric and chilli powder and analysing
their results.
Materials and Methods: Two commercially available GIC Pyrax and DTech were taken for the study. A total of 12 disc
shaped samples, 6 from each with dimensions 10mm and 2 mm in thickness were made. Required quantities of turmeric, chilli
powder were immersed in glass beakers containing turmeric solution, chilli solution and distilled water separately, 4 samples
in each for 24 hrs then checked for colour stability values using spectrophotometer and analysed statistically by unpaired t test
using SPSS software version 23.0.
Results: In chilli solution, E value of D tech - 8.92 which was lesser than pyrax - 14.97.On the other hand, in turmeric solution,
E value of Dtech was 18.90 which was significantly higher than pyrax which was 17.86. In Control Dtech and pyrax
was found to be 7.51 and 14.51 respectively. P Value = 0.00 <0.05 (statistically significant).
Conclusion: On comparing the three groups, GIC samples stained with turmeric were least colour stable.
2.Introduction
3.Materials and Methods
3.Results
4.Discussion
5.Conclusion
5.References
Keywords
Colour Stability; Chilli; Dtech; Eco Friendly Gic; Innovative Technology; Indian Spices; Pyrax; Turmeric.
Introduction
In today’s world, well contoured, aligned, white teeth are considered
to give beauty and many dentists have turned their attention
towards it in order to achieve it. Anomalies in size, shape, colour
and structure of dentition have led to various problems like decreased
masticatory efficiency, speech disturbances and psychological
problems. Thus restoring a damaged or decayed tooth
is important [1]. Recent technological advancements have been
made in the field of dental aesthetics for augmenting and repairing
damaged teeth thereby producing a flawless appearance. Among
the various restorative materials used, composite, glass ionomers
are the most commonly used as these materials are closely related
to the natural teeth in terms of colour and hence has a wide acceptance
among the young people with high incidence of caries
[2, 3]. It also stimulates the natural teeth and restores cavitated
lesions in both primary and permanent dentition [4]. But the main
challenge in clinical practice is to maintain longevity and appearance
[5]. Colour stability is an important property that assess success
or failure of treatment and mostly attributed mainly to the
anterior dental restorations and water sorption and the alteration
of colour is mostly attributed to the oral hygiene, dietary habits
of an individual. The discoloration is mainly caused due to stain
accumulation and surface roughness which are considered as extrinsic factors and water sorption, degradation and dissolution of
ingredients as the intrinsic factors. It is also based on the type of
resin used, size of fillers and also the food consumed [6, 7].
Processed food and beverages affect colour stability apart from
causing diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular (CVS) diseases due
to the presence of a wide range of colouring agents [8]. Though
fluoride releasing aesthetic restorative materials have been used
extensively, colour stability still poses a great challenge to the dentists
due to the dynamic environment of the oral cavity. For suitable
performance, longevity and clinical success, the choice of
material to be chosen must possess inherent characteristics [9].
The use of bleaching agents like hydrogen peroxide, carbamide
peroxide are used to restore the discoloration [10]. Hence an ideal
esthetic restorative material should mimic the natural tooth in all
terms like colour, translucency, surface texture and colour stability
for a long period of time [11].
Indian culture is considered to be one of the areas of abundant
flavours and colours where Indian spice is present one among
them. The most abundant micronutrients commonly called polyphenols
present in spices leads to the staining of teeth. It is a large
class of chemical compounds in plants that is made of one or
more polyphenol units. Turmeric is considered the ancient golden
spice of India and commonly called the kitchen queen. Curcumin
compound present in turmeric gives yellow colour. Other than
this, turmeric contains polyphenols, terpenes flavonoids etc. Chilli
powder is used as a flavouring agent and the important characteristic
present is the colour and pungency. The carotenoid pigments
present in chilli give its red colour. Drying of chilli leads to loss
of colour and texture of the final product formed as surface colour
is important while purchasing the powder. GIC is a type of
restorative material that has low coefficient of thermal expansion,
physico chemical bonding to both enamel and dentin. Since there
are less studies based on immersing GIC in spice. Our study aims
to find out the colour stability by comparing two different brands
of GIC in turmeric and chilli powder and analysing their results.
Materials and Methods
Preparation of specimens:
Two types of GIC were taken for this study. One was D-tech
and the other one was Pyrax.A total of 12 disc shaped samples, 6
from each type.(Fig. 1) These GIC specimens were prepared by
dispensing the powder and the liquid in proper proportion according
to the manufacturer's instructions and then were loaded
into PTFE(Polytetrafluorethylene (teflon)) moulds and allowed to
set. They were retrieved from the molds after hardening and the
excess flash if present were trimmed and smoothened with the
help of polishing bur and micromotor. Only the specimens which
were found to have smooth surface finish were taken further for
performing the experiment.
Preparation of Staining or immersing solutions:
Required quantities of turmeric, chilli powder were weighed and
taken in a beaker and made to dissolve in 100ml of distilled water.
(Fig. 2).
Immersing method:
The hydrated specimens were immersed in glass beakers containing
the turmeric solution, chilli solution and distilled water
separately, 4 samples in each solution. The specimen immersed in
distilled water was taken as the control for 24 hrs. Then they were
rinsed with distilled water and were checked for colour stability
using a Vita easy shade advance spectrophotometer.(Fig. 3).
Calculation of colour stability:
For determination of colour stability, a spectrophotometer
of reflection time was used for measuring the colour changes
(?E) based on the Commission Internationale de l’ Eclairage
lab(CIELAB) system in 1976. The CIELAB colour space also
referred to as L*a*b. L* for perceptual lightness, represents the
lightness to darkness values that range from 0 to 100. a* and b*
for the four unique colours that can be seen by the human vision,
where, a* represents the greenness to redness with values of -127
to +128 and b* represents the blueness to yellowness with values
of -127 to +128.The colour values of specimens before immersing
were considered as baseline. The L, a, b values were obtained
from the Vita EasyShade Spectrophotometer (fig 1) for the colour
stability. The ?E values were calculated in order to determine the
degree of alteration in colour at different stages. Then pre and
post immersion values were compared and analysed using SPSS
software version 23.0 The formula used is
?E( L* a* b* ) = [(?L*)2 + (?a)2 + (?b)2]
Results
Table 1 showed the significant testing on colour stability on Dtech
and Pyrax by turmeric. Unpaired T test was used.It was found
that the mean value of Dtech and Pyrax was 18.9 and 17.86 with
a standard deviation of 2.65 and 0.26 respectively with a p value
of 0.00 hence considered statistically significant. Table 2 showed
the significant testing on colour stability on Dtech and Pyrax by chilli. Unpaired T test was used and p value of 0.05 or less than
that is considered statistically significant. It was found that the
mean value of Dtech and Pyrax was 8.92 and 14.97 with a standard
deviation of 0.905 and 0.255 respectively with a p value of
0.00,hence considered statistically significant.
From the two graphs above, it can be seen that both D tech and
pyrax were more stained in turmeric .The descending order in
which Dtech was stained in immersing solutions are as follows
Turmeric>chilli. A similar trend was found with pyrax also in the
following order Turmeric>chilli. But on comparing their colour
stability it was found that Dtech showed more colour stability in
chilli solution and pyrax in turmeric because in chilli solution the
?E value of D tech was 8.92 which was lesser than pyrax which
was 14.97. On the other hand, in turmeric solution, the?E value
of Dtech was found to be 18.90 which was significantly higher
than pyrax which was 17.86. So it can be said that turmeric stains
both Dtech and pyrax intensely when compared to other spice as
the p value was > 0.05.
Figure 1, 2. Different brands of GIC Dtech and pyrax before immersion in the spices solution.
Figure 2. Samples immersed in chilli and turmeric solutions respectively.
Figure 3. Vita EasyShade Spectrophotometer used for assessing the colour stability.
Graph 1. The graph shows the association between the mean value of colour stability of Dtech and pyrax when immersed in turmeric solution. The X axis depicts GIC brand and the y axis depicts mean values. The blue colour represents Pyrax and yellow represents Dtech. It is seen that the mean value of colour stability of DTech and Pyrax when immersed in turmeric was 18.90 and 17.86 respectively. Hence, turmeric produced greater colour stability in pyrax when compared to Dtech.
Graph 2. The graph shows the association between the mean value of colour stability of Dtech and pyrax when immersed in turmeric solution. The X axis depicts GIC brand and the y axis depicts mean values. The blue colour represents Pyrax and yellow represents Dtech. It is seen that the mean value of colour stability of DTech and Pyrax when immersed in Chilli was found to be 8.92 and 14.97 respectively. Hence, Chilli produced greater colour stability in Dtech than in Pyrax.
Table 1. Showing the mean ?E value of the 2 commercially available composites.
Table 2. Table representing the pre-immersion spectrophotometer values of Shofu GIC samples.
Discussion
Our team has extensive knowledge and research experience that
has translated into high quality publications [12-31]. Turmeric is
a widely used spice in India due to its various therapeutic properties.
The major constituent curcumin present gives it the required
yellow colour. In the current study, it was shown that turmeric
showed overall higher staining when compared to chilli thereby
producing least colour stability. The results also indicated that the
colour change values were statistically different between Dtech
and pyrax when stained with both turmeric and chilli. A similar
study was found were NC (New compomer) and RMGIC (Resin
modified glass ionomer cement) produced statistically different
values when immersed in turmeric and that the maximum staining
was produced by NC than GIC when immersed in turmeric
which contradicted our study. The degree of colour change can
differ between products and categories of the materials used [32].
Other studies based on colour stability with indigenous spices
[33, 34] showed that turmeric stained the resin based composites
more than the other spices like chilli powder, tamarind, tobacco
etc. which was similar to our study as in our study turmeric was
found to stain GIC more than other spices but on comparing the
color stability, chilli produced good results as overall delta E value
was lower than in turmeric solution.
GIC contains a certain amount of water within their structure
loosely bound that gets easily removed by dehydration while those
that are tightly bound are not affected by dehydration and stays
even after the reaction gets completed thereby producing higher
staining resistance [35]. It can replace RMGIC for luting crowns,
bridges and other small restorations. An ideal restorative material
must exhibit adequate esthetics as a colour stability function
in addition to other properties like strength and biocompatibility
and at the same time it aids in the preventing the secondary caries
formation [36] are used to quantify the tooth colour as it might
potentially eliminate all the subjective aspects of colour assessment.
The American Dental association suggests using CIELAB
colour coding system for assessing chromatic differences [37]. In
the present study, colour evaluations was made by using the Vita
shade spectrophotometer (fig 1) using this CIELAB coding system
as it was found useful in providing information about the
location of a object colour in 3D space in terms of 3 coordinate
values L*, a* and b* where L* represents the value of brightness
and a* and b* represents the numeric correlates. The magnitude
of colour difference ?E obtained from these values. It was found
that higher the ?E value, greater is the difference between the 2
samples that are being compared [38].
Though colour stability of GIC in various immersing solutions
have gained interest among the researchers, the staining influence
using turmeric and chilli has not been reported much. Hence,
the present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of colour
stability of Dtech and pyrax when immersed in turmeric and
chilli solutions. The limitation of the study was small sample size
and the immersing solutions used to compare were also less. So
further studies based on large sample size to be done for the effectiveness
of turmeric of the study as Glass ionomer cement
(luting cement)are found to replace resin modified GIC for luting
crowns, bridges and tooth coloured restorative materials.
Conclusion
The present study evaluated the influence of turmeric and chilli
on the colour stability of Dtech and Pyrax glass ionomer cement
and compared their effects when immersed and hence, on comparing
the three groups, GIC samples stained with turmeric were
least colour stable.
Acknowledgement
The first author is grateful to white lab for helping in complete the work.
Source of Funding
The present project was sponsored by
• Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences
• Harshini Hospital, Madurai
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