Effects Of Dentifrices On Surface Properties Of Cad - Cam Manufactured Temporary Restorative Materials
N.E Kaviya1, Karthickraj S.M2*
1 Student, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai- 77,
India.
2 Senior Lecturer, Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences [SIMATS],
Saveetha University, Chennai- 77, India.
*Corresponding Author
Dr Karthickraj S.M,
Senior Lecturer, Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences [SIMATS], Saveetha University, Chennai
600 077, Tamil Nadu, India.
Tel: 9840094540
E-mail: karthickrajsm.sdc@saveetha.com
Received: September 13, 2021; Accepted: September 22, 2021; Published: September 23, 2021
Citation:N.E Kaviya, Karthickraj S.M. Effects Of Dentifrices On Surface Properties Of Cad - Cam Manufactured Temporary Restorative Materials. Int J Dentistry Oral Sci. 2021;8(9):4549-4552. doi: dx.doi.org/10.19070/2377-8075-21000926
Copyright: Dr Karthickraj S.M©2021. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the study is to find the effects of dentifrices on surface properties of Computer-aided design and computeraided
manufacturing (CAD-CAM) temporary restorative materials.
Materials and Methods: 12 printed Poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) blocks were collected from the CAD-CAM centre.
Blocks were mounted on the die stone and 4 types of dentifrices were used for the novel technique in this study. The preparation
surface roughness was taken using a stylus profilometer then the blocks were placed in the brushing stimulator (Toothbrush
stimulator ZM3.8) and readings were taken again after cycles for 1 month and 3 months.
Results and Discussion: Results show that there is no significant difference in the surface roughness of the PMMA blocks
before and after brushing with different dentifrices for 1 month and 3 months cycles. Anova values show no significance
among the Roughness average (Ra), Root mean square roughness (Rq) and arithmetic mean value of the single roughness
depths of consecutive sampling length (Rz) values of preoperative, 1 month and 3 months.
Conclusion: The study concludes that different dentifrices have no significant changes in the surface properties of the CADCAM
manufactured PMMA blocks.
2.Introduction
3.Materials and Methods
3.Results
4.Discussion
5.Conclusion
5.References
Keywords
Dentifrices; Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM); Poly Methyl Methacrylate (PMMA); Surface Properties; Novel Technique.
Introduction
A restoration that is used as a temporary or a permanent solution
should have a good abrasive resistance [1]. Abrasive wear
occurs mainly during the process of mastication and cleaning the
tooth mechanically using toothbrushes, maintaining poor dental
hygiene and decreased saliva production may lead to high plaque
accumulation and cause stomatitis and oral candidiasis [2]. Tooth
brushing is one of the common causes for the abrasion of the
tooth surface and the restorative materials due to the mechanical
process of mastication in the occlusal surface. The tooth brushing
affects the roughness measurements and the gloss of the restorative
material [3]. Many studies show that the stimulation of
the brushing leads to the decrease in the life span of the restorative
materials as they produce changes in the surface properties of
the restorative material [4].
A wide integration of computer aided design (CAD) and computer
aided manufacturing (CAM) in dentistry, an increasingly
large number of novel technical and clinical protocols have been
introduced for provisional restorations manufacturing in a digital
workflow [5]. The CAD-CAM aided monolithic materials are
preferred as they reduce the time of manufacturing and decrease
the number of appointments [6]. The need for polishing any
CAD-CAM manufactured restorative materials is to eliminate the
surface defects caused by the machine and to reduce the surface
roughness on the external surface of the restorative material [7].
Restoration in the field of dentistry is very important and on a base for the permanent restoration or solution there is a need
for temporary restorations. Restoration materials on their chemical
composition can be divided into monomethacrylate or acrylic
resins, which include polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and poly
ethyl/butyl methacrylate (PEMA) [8]. (PMMA) Polymethylmethacrylate
is an amorphous thermoplastic which is derived from
methylmethacrylate by the process of addition polymerization.
This material has many purposes and serves good for restoration
but has poor scratch resistance [9]. PMMA is prefered in the
restorative field for its lightweight, transparency, low cost [10] and
they even produce low oxidative stress which reduces the incidence
of periodontitis. PMMA has also shown its side effects like
COVID-19 on the cardiovascular system by inducing hypotension
and bradycardia. A wide variety of pre-polymerised polymethyl
methacrylate (PMMA) blocks have been introduced on the market
based on further studies related with nanoparticles and data
was produced on surface roughness [11]. Our team has extensive
knowledge and research experience that has translated into high
quality publications [12-24, 25-31].
The aim of this study was to find the effects of dentifrices on
surface properties of CAD-CAM temporary restorative materials
which are the PMMA blocks.
Materials and Methods
12 printed PMMA blocks were collected from the CAD-CAM
centre. Blocks were mounted on the die stone and 4 types of
dentifrices were used for the study. The surface roughness was
calculated pre and post brushing using a stylus profilometer. The
Ra, Rq and Rz values were calculated. Ra-Roughness average, Rq-
Root mean square roughness, Rz- The arithmetic mean value of
the single roughness depths of consecutive sampling lengths. The
surface roughness readings before the stimulation was taken then
the blocks were placed in the brushing stimulator -Toothbrush
stimulator ZM3.8. A total of 2500 cycles were done from which
for 1 month 834 cycles were done in linear motion. 1666 cycles
were done from 3 months stimulation which includes 833 linear
motion and 833 as clockwise 433 cycles and anti-clockwise 400
cycles. Readings of the Ra, Rq and Rz values were taken after
cycles for 1 month and 3 months using a stylus profilometer and
the readings were recorded accordingly for obtaining the results
and graphs.
Results and Discussion
Results show that there is no significant difference in the surface
roughness of the PMMA blocks before and after brushing with
different dentifrices for 1 month and 3 months cycles. At 1 month,
1 and At 3rd month, 0.441.The Ra mean p value shows preoperative,
0.16; At 1 month, 1 and At 3rd month, 0.441 shown in graph
1. The Rq mean p value shows preoperative, 0.441; At 1 month,
0.33 and At 3rd month, 0.33 shown in graph 2. The Rz mean p
value shows preoperative, 2.437; At 1 month, 1.245 and At 3rd
month, 2.014 shown in graph 3. that the Anova values show no
significance among the Ra, Rq and Rz values of preoperative, 1
month and 3 months and the P value also no significant difference
in the Ra, Rq and Rz values of the preoperative, 1 month
and 3 months. These results showed that there is no significant
difference on the PMMA blocks based on the type of dentifrices used on analysing the surface roughness for about three months
before and after the mechanical process of brushing.
The PMMA blocks used in the study did not have any significance
of changes in the preoperative, 1 month and 3rd month
surface properties. Previous studies show that surface properties
of monolithic CAD/CAM restorative materials were differently
affected by the abrasive toothbrushing and storage media [32].
The surface roughness values of all tested materials were below
the plaque accumulation threshold [33]. The provisional materials
prepared in the CAD/CAM have better mechanical properties for
the clinical application compared to conventional materials [34].
Figure1. Shows the brushes and the toothpaste used for the study.
Figure 2. Shows the Stylus profilometer that was used for analysing the surface property of the restorative material.
Figure 3. Shows the Brushing stimulator-Toothbrush stimulator ZM3.8 that was used for stimulating the brushing techniques on the restorative material.
Figure 4. Shows the mean Ra values preoperative in which X the axis represents the type of dentifrices and the Y axis represents the test value. At 1st month and At 3rd month. Anova values Ra Pre-2.25 and 1 month-1. P values Ra Pre-0.16 and Ra 1 month-0.441. (Ra Pre p value - 0.16; p >0.05) and (Ra 1 month p value - 0.441; p >0.05) Hence the changes in Ra value did not differ significantly as the p value was not statistically significant.
Figure 5. Shows the mean Rq values preoperative in which the X axis represents the type of dentifrices and Y the axis represents the test value. 1st month and At 3rd month. Anova values Rq Pre-1, 1 month-1.333 and 3 months-1.333. P value RqPre-0.441, 1 month-0.33 and 3 months-0.33. (Rq Pre p value - 0.441;p >0.05), (Rq 1 month p value - 0.33;p >0.05) and (Rq 3 month p value - 0.33;p >0.05) Hence the changes in Rq value did not differ significantly as the p value was not statistically significant.
Figure 6. Shows the mean Rz values preoperative in which the X axis represents the type of dentifrices and the Y axis represents the test value. 1st month and At 3rd month. Anova values RzPre-2.437, 1 month-1.245 and 3 months-2.014. P value RzPre-0.136, 1 month-0.356 and 3 months-0.191. P(RzPre p value - 0.136;p >0.05), (Rz 1 month p value - 0.356;p >0.05) and (Rz 3 month p value - 0.191;p >0.05) Hence the changes in Rz value did not differ significantly as the p value was not statistically significant.
Conclusion
Under the limitation of the study, it can be concluded that different
types of dentifrices had no significant changes in the surface
properties of the CAD-CAM manufactured PMMA blocks. There is a need for larger study sample to get a better understanding
of these properties in further studies.
Acknowledgement
I would like to thank the Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals,
Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Saveetha
University.
Source of Funding
The present project was sponsored by
• Saveetha Dental College,
• Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical science (SIMATS),
• Saveetha University and
• BOSS Healthcare, Chennai.
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