Climate Change through the Studies of Volcano Rocks and Blue Icebergs

Introduction

The continental plate’s tectonics provokes volcano eruptions which contribute mainly to the warming of the planet. The recent very important eruptions appear at sites different than the previous ones, on global surfaces as well as under the oceans and the earthquakes, especially near the littorals often cause sudden see level risings named tsunamis and induce strong damages : land immerging, erosion, population evacuation, destruction of housing buildings… even nuclear plants when they are located near the littoral transforming “pacific centrals” into nuclear bombs in retardement.

The author will gives the results of his analytical measurements with modern physical techniques such as MicroRaman Spectroscopy, X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy through Electronic Microscope etc…These methods have been used with efficiency for various advanced materials and nano-materials.

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Results and Discussion

From many expeditions in Iceland, Norway and South poles Antarctic region, I have collected and studied blue icebergs detached from glaciers and solid volcanic rocks and ashes projected at recent eruptions, in comparison to those I recorded from several sites of continental Europe and La Soufriere, Reunion.

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Global Warming

The temperature elevation on the world surface has been recorded and the green house effect was discussed nine years ago by some governmental and industrial organizations. They focused on carbon dioxide as the cause. In my opinion, this accusation on CO2 is a diversion, in the aim to attribution the fault to nearly everybody using terrestrial transportation as the combustion of their car rejects CO2, a compound that can be a screen gaz. Nevertheless, the data were intentionally truncated. Every boys and girls known from their study in secondary school that the combustion of oil hydrocarbons gives not only CO2 but also H2O. And the spectral absorption of H2O is thousand times greater than that of CO2 . They also know that air crafts and nuclear centrals everyday reject tremendous quantities of water vapors. An airplane consumes thousands times of hydrocarbons than an individual car. Therefore this contributes mainly to create the green-house effect. The Carbon tax must be substitute by I call the WV-Tax and all polluters and combustible.

Volcano Eruptions

The continental plates normally move very slowly. But from time to time, plate tectonics can appear violently and provokes new volcano eruptions.

This year, many strong volcanic eruptions are activated all over the world, last month in Indonesia, in Equador…. and in Iceland.

The latter site is interesting to study because initially Iceland was created out of the ocean by tectonic shocks of two continental plates, the American and the Eurasia plates. I visited Iceland some months before the fantastic 2010 eruption and just after. The elemental analyses show that the ash in the atmosphere have a composition different than that of solid volcanic stones. Of course they both contain common elements including Gold but the ash contains some more elements that I interpret as due to the fact that the nano powders, directly pulsed from the heart of the earth, would not have time to burn, compared to the volcanic lava materials before their solidification.

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FluorescenceXSpectrum through electron microscope of Iceland 2010 volcanic ash

Under the European Mediterranean Sea, tectonic shocks between the Arabian and the Eurasian plates enhanced the activity of a chain of active volcanoes.

The soil near the volcanoes is so warm than one can use it for habitation heating or for vegetal culture in what I call “geothermal houses”, reserving the term greenhouse for buildings which receive solar energy from above.

Vietnam is relatively far from the cracks under the Pacific Ocean; its last volcano eruption and earthquake dated on 1923, at Island of Ashes SE of Saigon, while volcanoes at High-Dongnai, Low- Dongnai and Cu lao Re were in extinction very early in History.

Indonesia and Japan are certainly the most exposed to earthquakes and volcano eruptions.

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The rocks from other volcanoes were also analysed

Tsunamis

As mentioned above, new eruptions can appear. Two months ago, five volcanoes erupted in central Iceland. Although with intensive rejections, little damages have been recorded in the desert area. Nevertheless, it is a proof that the tectonic cracks can appear at sites different than the previous volcanoes. If the cracks are near the littoral, tsunamis can overcome and destroy all they meet on their way.

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Table 1

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Table 2. Volcano Vesuve.

I have calculated, thanks to programs of NASA and Geography Organizations the maps of land immerged by sudden sea level elevation for some European countries, for Indonesia, Malaysia and for Northern and Southern Deltas of Vietnam.

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Saigon

The destruction of the nuclear plant in North Japan on 2011 resulted from the above process ! After this catastrophe, all the nuclear plants have been arrested for non function. But last month, the Sendai reactor is started again in service ! What a big danger!

Please stop all nuclear plants, before they become un-voluntary nuclear bombs. No body and no responsible organization must argue the need of national energy and neglect the well-being and the massive dead of humanity.

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Hanoi

Glaciers Melting

Glaciers have been formed very longtime ago all over the world, especially at Arctic and Antarctic, and their melting has been very slow during centuries. Their blue color attests, by optical refraction property, that they are compressed by the weight of successive snow layers. Although their density is higher than that of glass, but continues to be lighter than that of sea water at 4°C near the North and South Poles. The glaciers are in contact with soil bed and move slowly towards the sea. The frontal part of them named glacier tongue or shelf, is floating on the sea surface. I have assisted many times to their cracks provoking tremendous noisy falls of detached glaciers.

This year, nearly at the same time of important volcanic eruptions at the two globe hemispheres, hot waters appeared under the tongues at Antarctica and induced the collapse of glaciers at a rate much more frequent than never before . In consequence, big blue icebergs are melting and moving towards the Equator because the centrifugal forces generated by the rotation of the globe. Therefore, the elevation of sea level will accelerate, more than 1 cm recorded after two last decades of observation. Of course, the areas from -20 and +20 parallels will assist to the highest sea rising. In addition, as the immerging volume of the icebergs is nearly ten times that of their apparent part, and the moving glaciers melt water is not in the same place than the initial glaciers we must observe a change of the rotation axis of the world, inducing new immerged lands and new emerged lands.

I do think that the volcanic eruptions and continental plate’s tectonics and dynamics under the sea are the main causes of the warming and climate change in Antarctic region.

Conclusion

The global warming continues to increase. In the greenhouse effect, it is a fault to only consider Carbon dioxide because the contribution of Water vapor is thousand times more important. Therefore Carbon tax must be substituted by WVTax due to its strong green effect. All polluters and combustible furnishers must pay. The volcanic warming must be principally taken into account. The plate tectonics can violently appear at new sites and cause big tsunamis with damaging effects. Finally, the glaciers melting in more accelerated rate will contribute to the elevation of the sea level and the change of the geography of the world, even a change of the rotation axis of the globe.

Acknowledgments

The author addresses warm thanks to Michel Lahaye and Nguyen quoc Hung for their precious technical assistance.