Keywords

Patellar Tendon Rupture; Tibial Tubercle Avulsion; Suture Anchor; Case Report.

Introduction

Patellar tendon rupture is a challenging case for the orthopaedic surgeons. Until the nineteenth century many literatures describe about conservative treatment, despite sporadic reports of successful surgical repair.[1-3] The patient mostly younger than 40 years old, occur typically in young age and active population, also commonly unilateral.[3] The disruption of extensor mechanism of the knee joint is an essential mechanism that causing inability to maintain standing position with involved extremity. The mechanism of trauma is varied from low velocity, indirect blow, penetrating injury on bending knee position whereas the extensor mechanism in contraction.[4, 2] The rare finding showed a patellar tendon rupture in patient which previously had harvested tendon for ACL reconstruction.[5] Total rupture of patellar tendon interfered the mechanism into disable condition, and leading to morbidity ifnot treated well.[6, 7] It usually requires a surgical repair by two most common techniques; transosseus tunneling or suture anchor technique, depends on surgeon preference and experience.[6-8] Suture anchor is thefirst consideration due to its relatively easy to perform, decrease iatrogenic possibility, great outcome to return intosports activity, range of motion and overall outcome if compared to the other methods of tendon repair.[9, 10] Suture anchors also supports early load bearing rehabilitation by decreasing gap formation and lowering the risk of failure or re-rupture rate of patellar tendon repair.[10]

There were several options of surgical techniques which conducted in many reports, such as trans-osseus tunneling, patellar tendon augmentation with ipsilateral semitendinosus autograft, and suture anchors.[11-13] Although biomechanical studies presented to compare suture anchor versus transosseous tunnel, the similar biomechanical properties was decribed, and many factors that explained superiority of suture anchor techniques was often reported.[14, 15] Therefore, we aim to evaluate the effectiveness of suture anchors in management of acute patellar tendon rupture. This case report has been reported in line with the SCARE Criteria.[16]

Case Presentation

History taking

A 14-year-old male complained of immediate onset of pain and swollenon the right knee. He noticed while attempting to jump off of both legs to dunk a basketball during a game. He heard and felt the pop sound on his right knee. He was unable to actively fully extend his right knee, while his knee in swollen and pain. He still could not lift his leg afterwards. When he came to our centre, the Thessaly test and Lachmann test were negative. Anteriorposterior and lateral radiograph of right knee was taken with the result of patella height pulled superiorly. Sagittal MRI of the right knee identified the significant high patella (Fig. 1). The patient was diagnosed acute patellar tendon rupture of the right knee. The patient agreed to participate on this report for publication of the images by the informed consent.

Surgical Technique

The surgery was performed under spinal anaesthesia and the patient was positioned in supine position. The midline incision is about 12 cm long started from superior border of patella to tibial tubercle to ensure the exposure of all segments of patellar tendon. We decided to perform patellar tendon repair that fixated with three sutures anchor TWINFIXTM Ti Suture Anchor with two preloaded ULTRABRAIDTM 5.0 mm (Smith & Nephew, Andover, MA), and internal fixation of avulsed tibial tubercle using cancellous screw 3.5mm with washer from Synthes®(Oberdorf, Swtizerland). Initially, three suture anchors were placed below the avulsed tibial tubercle (Fig. 2).

The patellar tendon was sutured in four-strand Krakow's technique with ultra-braided suture from suture anchors (Fig.3). The cancellous screw has the role of fixating the bone fragment to tibial tubercle, as some portion patellar tendon attached to its bone. Thereafter, the avulsed fragment of tibial tubercle was inserted back into its right position and fixed using cancellous screw with washer right in the middle of its initial position. The patient was immobilized with knee brace within 4 weeks, initially full extension. The knee was immobilized with knee brace in full extension. Post-operative radiograph both anterior-posterior and lateral view was taken with good position of the patella(Fig.4).

The brace was used in full extension for three weeks, the amount of knee flexion is increased gradually until full flexion and full weight bearing allowed at 6 weeks after surgery. Within 2 years of followed up, the functional outcome score measured byInternational Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score.The IKDC score was 89.7, which is very good result. The full flexion of knee was regained without pain.The patient is aprofessional basketball player, eventually he is able return to sport activity.

Results and Discussions

Total rupture of patellar tendon is a condition of disability that caused a significant alteration of the knee extensor mechanism, and if untreated, the result could be a severe disability for the patient. The etiologies were widely used traumatic and atraumatic, which increase in patients younger than 40 years old. [3, 17, 18] The most often traumatic factors are penetrating injury, while simple fall or eccentric patellar tendon contraction is an atraumatic condition, rarely ended with bony avulsion around the tibial tubercle. [6, 8, 10, 19]

The bony avulsion of tibial tubercle were described in many studies. [20, 21] It was vulnerableto injury by the development of apophysis and the growth were in normal traction of patellar tendon. The surgical fixation of bony avulsion was important, while the surgeons chose several techniques with several different implants, but the same principle of internal fixation. The surgery was indicated in bony tibial tubercle fracture. The bony avulsion still attached to the portion of the remaining patellar tendon, which outcomes have generally beensatisfactory in many literatures. To allow the early recovery protocol and a successful result, bone-tobone healing was much better than tendon-to-bone healing.

The current issues of surgical technique in patellar tendon repair were the numerous of condition and level of the rupture during the surgery. The patellar tendon could be separated at distal border of patella, central of patellar tendon or mid-substance, and unexpectedly at the very distal of patellar tendon, often with a small fragment of avulsed tibial tubercle.[6] The two widely used techniques for fixation are transosseous tunnel or suture anchors. [9, 15, 22] The transosseous tunnel which described early before suture anchors, was reported in many studies that has higher rerupture rate, due to more gap formation during functional loading [6, 7]. Nowadays, more orthopaedic surgeons prefer suture anchors technique to repair acute patellar tendon rupture.

In our case, beside preserving bony avulsion, we prefer to choose suture anchors with bony avulsion preservation to improve the stability of construction. Eventhough the cancellous screw fixed the bone avulsion with some portion of patellar tendon still attached to avulsed bone fragment, there was rupture of patellar tendon that not directly connected to the bone avulsion. Tibial tubercle avulsion has been fixed for bone-to-bone healing, while tendon-to-tendon healing was achieved by Krakow's sutures. The strength of the suture anchors was explained in many literatures. Lissyetal showed the excellent improvement of functional assessment within 6 months follow up with Krakow's sutures technique based patellar tendon combined with knotless suture anchor to patella, and vice versa, the knotless suture anchor to tibia.[5] Instead, we use the combination of Krakow's sutures, three suture anchors, and one cancellous screw as a combination method of fixation. The relief of the symptoms and returning to sport activities can be achieved in this case, even though the outcome of patellar tendon rupture with bony avulsion of tibial tubercle is not always satisfactory.

O' Dowd et al [7] evaluated 374 human knees (321 transosseous tunnel and 53 suture anchors) retrospectively, showed significant re-tear rate in 24 of 321 knees (7.5%) of transosseous group and 0 of 53 knees in the anchor group (p<0.05). Biomechanical study reported by Lanzi et al [11] reported 48 porcine knees (12 transsosseous group and 12 anchors group, randomly taken with 12 samples in each group) with all specimens of transosseous group failed at knot tied over the proximal pole of the patella. In suture anchors group failed 1 of 2 modes: by pullout from interference around the anchor in the bone (5 specimens) or by suture breaking at the first locking throw in the tendon (7 specimens). Two cadaveric studies by Black et al and Ettinger et al were conducted with different area of outcome; Black et al [15] reported 12 knee of 6 cadavers (6 transosseous group and 6 anchors group whereas suture anchors has no gap formation (2.6 mm gap in transosseous group and 2.19 mm in anchors group), Ettinger et al [22] reported 30 knee cadavers (15 transsosseous group and 15 anchors group) that the maximum load to failure was 301±114 N for the transosseous group and 597±118 N for the anchors group (p<0.05).

In the avulsed tibial tubercle type of patellar tendon rupture with suture anchors technique, some factors were contributed to the strength; suchas suture material, number of suture anchor, suture technique, and the cancellous screw anchor that only used in this bony avulsion type of rupture.[12, 14, 22, 23]. The surgical technique could be the combination of two or three suture anchors, depending the intraoperative condition. The stability of the kneewas examined bypassive range of motion and varus - valgus test. In a systematic review by Grondin et al, the recovery procedure after surgery was documented, with 52% to 100% of patients returning to sports activities.[23] Six weeks immobilization with gradually increased of knee flexion are currenty reported with great result, without adverse event, and the patient returned to professional basketball player.

Our report suggests that the use of three suture anchors combined with the cancellous screw is effective to fix the acute patellar tendon rupture with tibial tubercle avulsion, and the patient is returned to sport activities without complication. The take home message is the preserve of bony avulsion of tibial tubercle would increase the holding strength of construction.

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Figure 1:

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Figure 1. Radiograph anterior-posterior and lateral of the right knee showed soft tissue swelling and bony avulsion on tibial tubercle. The sagittal MRI confirmed the patellar tendon rupture.

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Figure 2:

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Figure 2. The illustration of patellar tendon rupture and initially the three suture anchors was placed below the avulsed tibial tubercle.

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Figure 3:

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Figure 3. The cancellous screw 3.5 mm plus washer were inserted to avulsed tibial tubercle with screwdriver. Three suture anchors initially inserted to improve strength of the configuration distally to cancellous screw.

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Figure 4:

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Figure 4. Post-operative radiograph anterior-posterior and lateral of right knee. The Insall-Salvati ratio and Caton-Deschamp index were measured with good improvement.

Conclusion

The combination of cancellous screw with washer and three suture anchors leading into a good result in acute total rupture of patellar tendon with bony avulsion at tibial tubercle. Therefore, we recommend using suture anchors in treatment of acute patellar tendon rupture.

Acknowledgement & Declarations

Author would like to express gratitude to the whole teaching staff in Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology in Faculty of Medicine-Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital.