Comparison Of Colour Stability Of Two Commercially Available Composite Resin Materials After Thermocycling - An In Vitro Study
Kaviyaselvi Gurumurthy1, Balaji Ganesh S2*, S Jayalakshmi3, Sasidharan S4
1 Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai- 77, India.
2 Senior Lecturer, White Lab- Material Research Centre, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences [SIMATS], Saveetha University, Chennai- 77, India.
3 Reader, White Lab- Material Research Centre, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences [SIMATS], Saveetha University, Chennai- 77, India.
4 Tutor, White Lab- Material Research Centre, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences [SIMATS], Saveetha University, Chennai- 77, India.
*Corresponding Author
Dr. Balaji Ganesh S,
Senior Lecturer, White Lab- Material Research Centre, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences [SIMATS], Saveetha University,
Chennai- 77, Tamil Nadu, India.
E-mail: balajiganeshs.sdc@saveetha.com
Received: September 13, 2021; Accepted: September 23, 2021; Published: September 24, 2021
Citation:Kaviyaselvi Gurumurthy, Balaji Ganesh S, S Jayalakshmi, Sasidharan S. Effects Of Black Tea And Coffee On The Colour Stability Of Glass Ionomer Cement - An In Vitro Study. Int J Dentistry Oral Sci. 2021;8(9):4642-4647. doi: dx.doi.org/10.19070/2377-8075-21000946
Copyright: Dr. Balaji Ganesh S©2021. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Abstract
Background: Glass ionomer cements are restorative materials which bind to the surface of the tooth and additionally act as
filling materials. The colour of the GIC chosen is subjective to the colour of the tooth. The colour stabilising property refers
to the ability of the restorative material to maintain colour irrespective of the environmental changes. GIC also has the ability
to resist discoloration when exposed to various liquids in the oral cavity. The aim of the present study was to determine
the effects of black tea and black coffee on the colour stabilising property of different commercially available glass ionomer
cements.
Materials and Method: Two commercially available GIC brands - shofu and D-tech, were chosen to test the colour stability
of GIC. The GIC pellets were immersed in black tea, black coffee and distilled water for three days and the values from the
spectrophotometer were recorded and analysed pre and post immersion.
Results: On performing the paired independent sample t test for the different glass ionomer cements used, Shofu brand of
glass ionomer cement had low delta E values. The p value was found to be 0.036 for samples immersed in the beverages and
the control. It was statistically significant.
Conclusion: The present study concluded that the Shofu brand of glass ionomer cement has the highest colour stability, due
to their low delta E values. GIC samples stained with black tea were least color stable.
2.Introduction
3.Materials and Methods
3.Results
4.Discussion
5.Conclusion
5.References
Keywords
Glass Ionomer Cements; Discolouration; Spectrophotometer; Color Stability; Innovative Technology.
Introduction
Restoration refers to any process which helps in re-establishing
the normal morphology, function and integrity of the damaged
tooth. The most customary dental restorative material used is
glass ionomer cement (GIC) [1]. The reaction of calcium alumino
fluorosilicate glass with an ionomer acts as the basis for the formation
of glass ionomer cements. The components of a glass
ionomer cement primarily consist of an acid, a base and a medium
which is predominantly water [2]. These components along
with its micromechanical strength help in adhesion of the glass
ionomer cement to bond to the tooth surface. In addition, GICs
help in restoration of primary teeth, act as liners and bases and
act as a retrograde filling material. Further, GICs also help in prevention
of dental caries due to its fluoride releasing property. The
widespread use of glass ionomer comments in dentistry has led to
the classification of GICs into four major groups which are used
for luting crowns and bridges, aesthetic restorative cements, reinforced
restorative cements and lining cements and base respectively.
These glass ionomer cements differ with respect to their
powder-liquid ratio but were similar in composition. Despite the
advantages put forth, GICs lacked resistance to abrasion, sensitivity
towards moisture and strength [3]. The glass ionomer cements
used for pediatric procedures vary in implementation and mechanical properties as compared to those employed for advanced
dental procedures.
Colour stability is defined as the ability of any material to maintain
its colour with time. Glass ionomer cements in general adopt
the colour of the tooth and hence are aesthetically more appealing
than other restorative materials [4]. However, with time the colour
of dental restorative materials including GIC vary. This variation
is directly proportional to the concentration and duration
of exposure to factors which affect the colour of glass ionomer
cement. The fluoride releasing property of GIC indirectly affects
the colour stability of this restorative material. Addition of resin
components to glass ionomer cement decreases the hardening
time for GIC but increases the physical strengths and resistance
to wearing [5].
Resin modified glass ionomer cements are known to undergo
change in colour and this property is attributed to the photo polymerisation
of the resin present, during the decelerated acid-base
reaction. Based on the number of photons absorbed by the glass
ionomer cements, the values are determined by a spectrophotometer
[6]. Encapsulated glass ionomer restorative cements have
been introduced whose physical properties surpass conventional
glass ionomer cements [7]. The colour of restorative materials, in
particular GIC, tends to vary with the type of liquids and solids
consumed by the patient. The acidic nature of soft drinks, excess
consumption of caffeine can indirectly alter the colour of glass
ionomer cements but however vary with the initial time and duration
of exposure. The present study was adopted to determine the
effect of different beverages such as black coffee and black tea
on the colour stability property of two different brands of glass
ionomer cements.
Materials and Methods
To analyse the colour stability of glass ionomer cements, two different
brands of commercially available glass ionomer cements
(D-Tech and Shofu) were chosen. (Figure 1) The glass ionomer
cements were purchased from an online dental store and processed
and moulded into pellets of diameter 2mm. The pellets
were trimmed and polished using a micrometer fixed with a fine
polishing bur. The GIC pellets were then labelled numerically and
those numbered 1, 2 were immersed in black coffee, 3 and 4 in
black tea and 5, 6 in distilled water for each brand. Color stability
was checked using Vita EasyShade Spectrophotometer.(Figure 2).
The values from the spectrophotometer were noted and the GIC
samples were soaked in black coffee, black tea and distilled water.
The values from the spectrophotometer were recorded after immersion
for 3 days at room temperature and compared.
Results
Table. 1 indicates the ‘L’, ‘A’ and ‘B’ spectrophotometer values of
six samples of d Tech brand of glass ionomer cements prior to
immersion in black tea and black coffee. ‘L’ indicates the lightness
of the sample, ‘A’ indicates the coordinates for red or green colour
while ‘B’ represents the coordinates for yellow or blue colour.
From Table. 2, the pre immersion ‘L’, ‘A’ and ‘B’ values of the
Shofu brand of glass ionomer cements are obtained. Table. 3 and
Table. 4 represent the post immersion values ‘L’, ‘A’ and ‘B’ values
for d Tech and Shofu brands of glass ionomer cements respectively.
The delta E values of the individual samples of D- tech
and Shofu brand of glass ionomer cements are indicated in tables
5 and 6. Samples 1 and 2 were immersed in black coffee, samples
3 and 4 were immersed in black tea while samples 5 and 6 were
immersed in distilled water (control) for both d Tech and shofu brands of glass ionomer cements. The mean delta E values of
Shofu and d Tech brands of glass ionomer cements upon immersion
in black coffee, black tea and distilled water are represented
in Table. 7. On performing the independent sample t test for the
different glass ionomer cements used, the respective mean and
standard deviations for delta E values were compared as seen in
Table.8. The p value was found to be 0.036 for D Tech and shofu.
p<0.05 indicating statistically significant. From the graph, we can
conclude that the Shofu brand of glass ionomer cement has the
highest colour stability, due to their low mean delta E values. GIC
samples stained with black tea were least color stable (Figure 3).
Figure 1. The picture represents the sample of two different commercially available glass ionomer cements- D-Tech and Shofu respectively post immersion. Samples numbered 1 and 2 were immersed in black coffee, 3 and 4 were immersed in black tea and 5 and 6 were immersed in distilled water.
Figure 2. The recording of L,A,B values of each sample pre and post immersion in black tea and black coffee using VITA easyshade spectrophotometer.
Figure 3. Bar graph showing the comparison of mean delta E values and the samples of glass ionomer cements taken (D Tech and Shofu). X axis represents the different brands of glass ionomer cements while Y axis represents the mean delta E values of the samples. Blue colour represents the Shofu brand of glass ionomer cement while the red colour represents the D-tech brand. The p value was found to be 0.036 for D Tech and shofu. p<0.05 indicating statistically significant. From the graph, we can conclude that the Shofu brand of glass ionomer cement has the highest colour stability, due to their low mean delta E values. GIC samples stained with black tea were least color stable.
Table 1. Showing the mean ?E value of the 2 commercially available composites.
Table 2. Table representing the pre-immersion spectrophotometer values of Shofu GIC samples.
Table 3. Table representing the post immersion spectrophotometer values of D-Tech GIC samples.
Table 4. Table representing the post immersion spectrophotometer values of Shofu GIC samples.
Table 5. Table representing the delta E values of D-Tech brand of GIC.
Table 6. Table representing the delta E values of Shofu brand of GIC.
Table 7. Table representing the mean delta E values of D-Tech and Shofu GIC samples.
Table 8. Table representing the mean and standard deviation values of colour stability between D-tech and Shofu.
Discussion
On analysing the results obtained from the present study, it was
found that the glass ionomer cements immersed in black tea
showed maximum variation in colour as compared to those immersed
in black coffee and distilled water. The average delta E
values for the D-Tech glass ionomer cement was found to be 8.18
and 34.96 while the Sofu brand had an average of 2.32 and 16.80
for black coffee and black tea respectively. On comparing these
delta E values, it was noted that the colour variation in the D-Tech
brand was more significant as compared to the Shofu brand owing
to its high delta E value. The p value was found to be 0.036
(p<0.05) for the samples immersed in both the beverages and
the control group, indicating statistically significant values. The
samples immersed in distilled water acted as the control as their
delta E values remained a constant for the entire duration of the
experiment. Further, the Shofu brand immersed in black coffee
had the least change in colour when morphologically assessed.
GIC samples stained with black tea were least color stable.
Colour stability, commonly known as chromatic stability, refers
to the ability of any restorative material to resist a change in its
colour on exposure to various substances and chemicals. Based
on the duration of exposure and the substance involved, the colour
change can be extrinsic in nature, a subsurface alteration or
intrinsic discolouration [8]. The colour stabilising property of the
restorative material is essential in determining the success of the
restorative procedure in the long run. To test this property, various
visual and instrumental methods have been developed, the
most common one being spectrophotometric analysis [9]. This
test determines the intensity of wavelength absorbed when light
rays pass through the restorative material. Certain restorative materials
tend to undergo a change in their physical properties and
softening parallel to the colour change [10].
Based on a study conducted by Dalia Mohamed et al, it was stated
that there was no significant difference in colour between glass
ionomer cements immersed in coffee and distilled water. However,
the change in colour of the cements varied with the duration
of immersion. The change in colour was found to be maximum
between the 7th and 30th days of immersion. On comparing the
delta E values obtained for glass ionomer cements immersed in
coffee and tea, it was noted that the values were higher for immersion
in tea and thus the cements immersed in the same had
the least colour stability which are in accordance with the results
obtained from the present study [11].
In order to enhance the physical and mechanical properties of
restorative materials, certain modifications in their composition
are brought about, some of which include addition of metals,
resins and nanoparticles [12]. In the research conducted by A.R.
Prabhakar et al, it was observed that conventional glass ionomer
cements were better resisted to change in colour as compared
to resin modified glass ionomer cements, upon treatment with
chlorhexidine. Further, the fluoride releasing capacity also varied
inversely with the colour stability due to the higher dissolution of
the surface of the restorative material. Thus, resin modified glass
ionomer cements portrayed an increased release of fluoride ions
[13].
The use of glass ionomer cements for various dental procedures
has become increasingly popular due to their restorative property,
fluoride releasing capacity and physical strength. The most
essential factor which is considered when a restorative material
is chosen, is its ability to match the colour of the tooth, the texture
and roughness [14]. Based on previous studies, glass ionomer
cements were known to possess less colour stability due to the
presence of polyacidic substances in their composition. In certain
modifications of GIC such as resin modified glass ionomer cements,
the colour stability is decreased due to the From the article
proposed by Yadav Chakravarthy, it was noted that the GICs
produced maximum change in colour after immersion in red wine
due to the high concentration of phenolic compounds [15]. On
immersion in fruit juices, the colour of glass ionomer cements
varied considerably in acidic juices as compared to alkaline and
basic fruit juices. The pH of these juices could potentiate the release
of hydrogen ions and facilitate erosion thereby comprising
the colour of the glass ionomer cement. Irrespective of the duration
of immersion, GIC produces discolouration and their ability
to absorb water from the immersion medium aid in this process.
Upon reaching saturation and stability, the change in colour is
inhibited and the change in mechanical properties cease [16].
Our team has extensive knowledge and research experience that
has translated into high quality publications [17-36]. The present
study however possesses certain limitations due to its limited sample
size and restriction to only two brands of GIC. In the future,
the color stability of nanoparticles with added glass ionomer cements
can be studied.
Conclusion
The present study concluded that the Shofu brand of glass ionomer
cement has the highest colour stability, due to their low delta
E values. GIC samples stained with black tea were least color stable.
Acknowledgement
We thank Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals for providing us the support to conduct the study.
Source of Funding
The present project was sponsored by
• Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences
• Sarkav Health Services
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