Assessment Of Periodontal Health Among Prosthetic And Non Prosthetic Wearers
Yuvashree CS1, Arvina Rajasekar2*
1 Undergraduate Student, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University,
Chennai- 77, India
2 Senior Lecturer, Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences [SIMATS], Saveetha University, Chennai- 77, India.
*Corresponding Author
Dr. Arvina Rajasekar,
Senior Lecturer, Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences [SIMATS], Saveetha University, Chennai-
77, India.
Tel: +91 9486442309
E-mail: arvinar.sdc@saveetha.com
Received: September 13, 2021; Accepted: September 22, 2021; Published: September 23, 2021
Citation:Yuvashree CS, Arvina Rajasekar. Assessment Of Periodontal Health Among Prosthetic And Non Prosthetic Wearers. Int J Dentistry Oral Sci. 2021;8(9):4628-4632. doi: dx.doi.org/10.19070/2377-8075-21000943
Copyright: Dr. Arvina Rajasekar©2021. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Abstract
Introduction: Plaque is the main aetiological agent in the initiation and progression of chronic inflammatory periodontal disease.
Various studies have shown that dental prosthesis can cause more retention of plaque leading to periodontal destruction.
Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the periodontal health among prosthetic and non-prosthetic wearers.
Materials And Methods: The present cross-sectional study was carried out between December 2020 - February 2021 among
the out patients who reported to the Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai. A total
of 100 adults were enrolled and were categorised based on the prosthesis as follows: Non prosthetic wearers (Group A - 50) ,
prosthetic wearers which includes FPD (Group B - 25) and RPD (Group C - 25). Plaque index and Russell’s periodontal index
were recorded for all the three groups and then compared. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences
(SPSS Software, Version 23.0). Descriptive and inferential statistics were done for data summarization and presentation.
Result: RPD wearers (12%) were found to have poor plaque index scores as compared to FPD wearers (4.50%). Terminal
periodontal disease was more prevalent among RPD wearers (4%). The differences between the groups were found to be
statistically significant with the p value of 0.00 (p<0.05).
Conclusion: The present study suggests a higher prevalence of periodontal disease among prosthetic wearers when compared
with non-prosthetic wearers. Therefore, maintenance of oral hygiene is mandatory among prosthetic wearers to maintain
periodontal health.
2.Introduction
3.Materials and Methods
3.Results
4.Discussion
5.Conclusion
5.References
Keywords
Russell’s Periodontal Index; Dental Prosthesis; Oral Health; Periodontal Disease; Innovative.
Introduction
Dental problems are a major public health concern in India and
around the world [1]. Oral health is recognised by the World
Health Organization (WHO) as an important component of
overall health [2]. The repercussions of widespread poor oral
health, such as caries and periodontal disease, have a negative impact
on an individual's general health and well-being [3].
Gingivitis and periodontitis are the most frequent oral illnesses.
Gingivitis is a gum disease characterised by inflammation of the
gums, which appear red and swollen and bleed easily during teeth
brushing or a dental check-up [4]. Gingivitis is a mild inflammatory
illness that is frequently asymptomatic, therefore it goes unnoticed.
Plaque is the primary cause of gingivitis, although there
are other exacerbating variables such as smoking, stress, genetic
factors, systemic disorders, and hormone imbalances [5-12]. Periodontitis
develops if gingivitis is not treated, and symptoms include
increased pocket depth, recession, furcation involvement,
mobility, and bone loss [13-21].
The Periodontal Index application, which evaluates the condition
of periodontal health in terms of gingival bleeding, periodontal
calculus, and pocket, was suggested by the WHO to examine the
periodontal status of populations [22]. The periodontal index is
a commonly used tool for determining the prevalence of periodontal
disease and treatment completion in communities, and it allows for international comparisons [23].
Millions of microorganisms live in the oral cavity [24]. If adequate
dental hygiene is not maintained, the germs can cause a
variety of oral and systemic disorders. Microorganisms thrive in
removable and fixed partial dentures [25]. It is difficult for them
to maintain adequate dental hygiene. It can cause gingivitis and
periodontitis [26]. Bacterial overgrowth is a hallmark of periodontal
disorders. Periodontal diseases, caries risk, and the amount
of stress on natural teeth are all influenced by dental prosthesis.
Numerous research have demonstrated that once dental prosthesis
are placed, gingival and periodontal conditions deteriorate [27]
and also it can cause more retention of plaque leading to periodontal
destruction.
Our team has extensive knowledge and research experience that
has translated into high quality publications [28-47]. The aim of
the study was to assess the periodontal health among prosthetic
and non-prosthetic wearers.
Materials and Methods
The present cross-sectional study was carried out among the
out patients who reported to the Department of Periodontics,
Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai. This study was
conducted between December 2020 - February 2021. The ethical
approval of the current study was obtained from the Institutional
ethical board and a written consent was obtained from all the
study participants.
A total of 100 adults were included in this investigation. The study
participants were categorised based on the prosthesis as follows
: Non prosthetic wearers ( Group A), prosthetic wearers which
includes FPD( Group B) and RPD ( Group C). Plaque index (Silness
and Loe, 1964) and Russell’s periodontal index (Russell AL,
1956) were recorded for all the three groups and then compared.
Plaque index scoring: excellent - 0; good - 1; fair - 2; poor - 3. Russell’s
periodontal index scoring: simple gingivitis - 0; beginning of
periodontal disease - 1; established periodontal disease - 2; Terminal
periodontal disease - 3.
The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences
(SPSS Software, Version 23.0). Descriptive and inferential statistics
were done for data summarization and presentation.
Results
In the present study, a total of 100 patients were assessed. Of
them 50 were non prosthetic wearers and 50 were prosthetic
wearers which includes FPD and RPD (Figure 1).
Plaque index was recorded for prosthetic and non-prosthetic
wearers. Among non-prosthetic wearers, only 9% of the patients
had excellent plaque index and 15% had good plaque index and
21% had fair plaque index and the remaining 5% had poor plaque
index. Among FPD wearers, none of them had an excellent and
good plaque index. 20% of the patients who were wearing FPD
had a fair plaque index and the rest 4% had a poor plaque index.
Among RPD wearers, none of them had an excellent and good
plaque index. Only 12% of the patients had a fair and poor plaque
index. Majority of the RPD wearers were found to have poor
plaque index followed by FPD wearers and non-prosthetic wearers.
The differences between the groups were found to be statistically
significant with the p value of 0.00 (p<0.05). (Figure 2).
Also, Russell’s periodontal index was recorded for prosthetic and
non-prosthetic wearers. Among non-prosthetic wearers, only 24
% of the patients had simple gingivitis and 12% had the beginning
of periodontal disease and 10% had established periodontal
disease and the remaining 3% had terminal periodontal disease.
Among FPD wearers, only25% had simple gingivitis. Among
RPD wearers, only 2% had simple gingivitis and 12% had the beginning
of periodontal disease and 7% had established periodontal
disease and the remaining 4 % had terminal periodontal index.
Majority of the RPD wearers were found to have terminal periodontal
disease. The differences between the groups were found
to be statistically significant with the p value of 0.00 (p<0.05).
(Figure 3).
Figure 1. Bar graph depicts the distribution of prosthetic and non-prosthetic wearers. The X axis denotes the prosthetic and non-prosthetic wearers and the Y axis denotes the number of subjects. 100 were non - prosthetic wearers (violet) and the rest 100 were prosthetic wearers of which 50 participants were those wearing fixed partial dentures (brown) and the other 50 participants were those wearing removable partial dentures (red).
Figure 2. Bar graph explains the association between plaque index and type of prosthesis. The X axis denotes the prosthetic and non-prosthetic wearers and the Y axis represents the number of subjects with excellent (blue), good (green), fair (brown) and poor (violet) index scores. Excellent plaque index score was commonly found among non-prosthetic wearers (9%) and poor plaque index score was commonly found among RPD wearers (14%). The differences between the groups were found to be statistically significant with the p value of 0.00 (p<0.05).
Figure 3. Bar graph explains the association between Rusells periodontal index and type of prosthesis. The X axis denotes the prosthetic and non-prosthetic wearers and the Y axis represents the number of subjects with simple gingivitis (blue), beginning of periodontal disease (green), established periodontal disease (brown), Terminal periodontal disease (violet). Simple gingivitis was commonly found among FPD wearers (25%). Terminal periodontal disease was commonly found among RPD wearers (4%). The differences between the groups were found to be statistically significant with the p value of 0.00 (p<0.05).
Discussion
The present study was done to assess and compare the periodontal
health between prosthetic and non-prosthetic wearers.
In the present study, the majority of the RPD wearers were found
to have poor plaque index followed by FPD wearers and nonprosthetic
wearers. A study conducted by Dolan et al., compared
patients with removable partial dentures, patients with no prosthesis,
or patients with fixed partial dentures with their periodontal
health [48]. It was observed that RPD wearers had a poorer plaque index score than FPD wearers. This might be due to the
clasps and gingival covering of the RPD which encourages deposits
to stick to the teeth around the prosthesis, leading to a higher
rate of plaque and calculus deposition in RPD wearers than in
FPD wearers [49].
Similarly, another study by Krajicek et al., compared the prosthetic
and non-prosthetic wearers of rural and urban areas of a Brazilian
city and compared the oral health condition of the patients
present in these regions, including the main oral diseases such as
dental decay and periodontal disease [50]. The authors observed
that the patients who were wearing RPD in rural residents had a
poorer plaque index score than urban residents. The results observed
in the present study are in agreement with the previous
studies.
Also in the present study, the majority of the RPD wearers were
found to have terminal periodontal disease. Nevin et al., assessed
the periodontal condition among RPD wearers and FPD wearers
and showed that periodontal disease was more commonly found
among RPD wearers than FPD wearers [51]. In a study conducted
by Yusof et al., before the prosthetic treatment all patients were
given oral hygiene motivation and instruction as well as periodontal
therapy where indicated. Study participants were given
carefully planned and designed RPD. Mild changes were found,
but without periodontal damage [52]. The authors concluded that
only minor changes in periodontal status were recorded in the
patients treated with FPD or RPDs, because the periodontal condition
was checked before placing the dentures and oral hygiene
instructions were also during recall visits.
Shetty et al., compared the periodontal condition among the dental
prosthetic and non-prosthetic wearers in an adult rural population
and found that patients wearing removable partial dentures
showed increased prevalence of periodontal pocket depth and attachment
loss irrespective of the age group and gender [53]. The
results obtained in the present study are in agreement with the
previous studies.
Conclusion
The present study suggests a higher prevalence of periodontal
disease among prosthetic wearers when compared with non-prosthetic
wearers.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to acknowledge the help and support rendered
by the Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental college
and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical
Sciences, Saveetha University for their constant assistance with
the research.
Source of Funding
The present project was sponsored by
• Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences,
• Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals,
• Saveetha University,
• Jembu Printers Private Ltd., Chennai.
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