Influence Of Suturing Techniques On Wound Healing Following Periodontal Flap Surgery
A Sankari Niveditha1, Arvina Rajasekar2*
1 Undergraduate Student, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University,
Chennai- 77, India.
2 Senior Lecturer, Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences [SIMATS], Saveetha University, Chennai- 77, India.
*Corresponding Author
Dr. Arvina Rajasekar,
Senior Lecturer, Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences [SIMATS], Saveetha University, Chennai-
77, India.
Tel: +91 9486442309
E-mail: arvinar.sdc@saveetha.com
Received: September 13, 2021; Accepted: September 22, 2021; Published: September 23, 2021
Citation:A Sankari Niveditha, Arvina Rajasekar. Influence Of Suturing Techniques On Wound Healing Following Periodontal Flap Surgery. Int J Dentistry Oral Sci. 2021;8(9):4611-4614. doi: dx.doi.org/10.19070/2377-8075-21000939
Copyright: Dr. Arvina Rajasekar©2021. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Abstract
Background: Proper suturing technique is essential for obtaining wound healing and avoiding infection. Techniques that
must be mastered include good version, maintaining uniform tensile strength and precise approximation along tissue edges.
The primary objective of suturing is to position and secure surgical flaps to promote optimal healing.
Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of two different suturing techniques on wound healing following
periodontal flap surgery.
Materials And Methods: The single centered cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 patients who had undergone
periodontal flap surgery in the Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai, India. The patients
were categorized based on the suturing technique as follows: Group 1: Mattress (50 patients), Group 2: Direct loop (50
patients). After one week of periodontal flap surgery, all the patients were recalled for suture removal. After suture removal,
the healing index score was recorded for both the groups and compared. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for
Social Sciences (SPSS Software, Version 23.0). Frequency, percentage and Chi-square test were calculated.
Results: Majority of the patients with mattress suturing technique (28%) had better wound healing when compared to the
patients with direct loop suturing technique (21%). The association between type of suturing technique and wound healing
index was done by Chi square test and was found to be significant with the p value of 0.05.
Conclusion: The present study suggests that better wound healing was observed among patients with mattress suturing technique
when compared to direct loop suturing technique following periodontal flap surgery.
2.Introduction
3.Materials and Methods
3.Results
4.Discussion
5.Conclusion
5.References
Keywords
Direct Loop Suture; Mattress Suture; Suturing Technique; Innovative Technique; Wound Healing.
Introduction
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease which affects the
supporting structures of the tooth. The main etiology of the
disease is dental plaque, however the disease gets aggravated by
various risk factors including age, gender, smoking, stress, socioeconomic
status, genetic factors, systemic diseases and hormonal
changes[1-9]. If the condition is left untreated it leads to increase
in pocket depth, gingival recession, clinical attachment loss, bone
loss, furcation involvement, pathological migration and tooth mobility
eventually leads to tooth loss [10-15].
The management of periodontitis involves scaling and root planning
followed by flap surgery. In periodontal surgery, the most
common method of wound closure is by sutures [16]. Proper
suturing technique is essential for obtaining wound healing and
avoiding infection. Techniques that must be mastered include
good version, maintaining uniform tensile strength and precise
approximation along tissue edges [17]. The primary objective of
suturing is to position and secure surgical flaps to promote optimal
healing. The ideal suture is strong, handles easily, and forms
secure knots [18]. Periodontal surgery incorporates many issues
and is complicated in many cases as it deals with the periodontal
disease process affecting both soft and hard tissues [19]. Flap stability and durability is the major concern during the postoperative
period [20]. The mouth is a moist, movable and contaminated environment
where healing has to take place following a periodontal
surgery [21]. At the same time basic functions such as eating and
speaking should be accomplished. Many patients may also be involved
in destructive behaviours such as smoking or poor oral
hygiene or poor oral hygiene, which has an impact on surgical
efforts [22].
Suturing is often the most tedious part of any surgical procedure.
However, applying the basic principles and techniques of suturing
can help make suturing more efficient and can also improve the
wound healing of surgery [23]. Wound healing after periodontal
flap surgery also depends on the technique employed. Various suturing
methods are being practised in the field of periodontal surgery.
Commonly used suturing techniques are simple interrupted
suturing techniques, continuous suturing techniques and vertical
or horizontal mattress suturing techniques for adequate approximation
of the elevated flap [24]. Mattress suturing techniques are
employed in the areas where tension free closure cannot be accomplished.
It is used to resist muscle pull, evert the wound edges
which keeps the epithelium away from underlying structures and
to adapt the tissue flap tightly to the underlying structures in case
of flap surgery, bone graft, tissue graft, alveolar ridge corrections,
regenerative membrane or dental implant. Mattress suturing techniques
are helpful in close approximation of the flap under tension
and in the cases of suturing done in different planes [25].
The direct loop or the interrupted suture are most commonly
used suture in periodontal surgery and is frequently used to affix
tension-free and mobile surgical flap [17].
Our team has extensive knowledge and research experience that
has translated into high quality publications [26-45]. Through extensive
literature search, it was revealed that there is a lack of
adequate studies assessing the influence of suturing techniques
on wound healing following periodontal flap surgery. Hence, the
rationale of this study was to evaluate the influence of two different
suturing techniques on wound healing following periodontal
flap surgery.
Materials and Methods
The single centered cross-sectional study was conducted among
100 patients who had undergone periodontal flap surgery in the
Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals,
Chennai, India. The ethical clearance was obtained from the
Institutional Ethical Committee and a written informed consent
was obtained from all the study participants.
The patients were categorized based on the suturing technique as
follows: Group 1: Mattress (50 patients), Group 2: Direct loop
(50 patients). After one week of periodontal flap surgery, all the
patients were recalled for suture removal. After suture removal,
healing index score based on Huang et al., 2005 Wound Healing
Index [46] was given for all the patients.
Statistical Analysis:
The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences
(SPSS Software, Version 23.0). Descriptive and inferential statistics
were done for data summarization and presentation. Frequency,
percentage and Chi-square test were calculated.
Results
A total of 100 patients were enrolled. Of which 50 patients had
undergone periodontal flap surgery with mattress suturing technique
and another 50 patients had undergone periodontal flap
surgery with direct loop suturing technique. Wound healing index
(WHI) scores were recorded and compared between both the
groups.
Among 50 patients with mattress suturing technique, 28 patients
showed wound healing index score of 1, 17 patients showed
wound healing index score of 2 and 5 patients showed wound
healing index score of 3. Among 50 patients with direct loop suturing
technique, 21 patients showed WHI score of 1, 18 patients
showed WHI score of 2 and 11 patients showed WHI score of 3.
Majority of the patients with mattress suturing technique had better
wound healing when compared with the patients with direct
loop suture technique. The association between type of suturing
technique and wound healing index was done by Chi square test
and was found to be significant with the p value of 0.05 (Figure
1).
Figure 1. The bar chart represents the association between suturing technique and wound healing index (WHI). X axis represents different suturing techniques and Y axis represents the percentage of patients who underwent periodontal flap surgery. Blue colour denotes wound healing index score of 1(WHI-1) and green colour denotes wound healing index score of 2 (WHI-2) and yellow colour denotes wound healing index score of 3 (WHI-3). Majority of the patients with mattress suturing technique (28%) had better wound healing when compared to the patients with direct loop suturing technique (21%). The association between type of suturing technique and wound healing index was done by Chi square test and was found to be significant with the p value of 0.05.
Discussion
The present study was done to evaluate the influence of two different
suturing techniques on wound healing following periodontal
flap surgery.
From the present study, it was noted that mattress suturing had
better wound healing than the direct loop suturing among the
patients who had undergone periodontal flap surgery. Kumar et
al conducted a study to compare the mattress suture and simple
loop interrupted suture following modified Widman flap surgery
and found out that flap closure by modified vertical internal mattress
suturing technique resulted in better improvement than the
simple loop interrupted sutures [47].
Gopu et al., in 2012 conducted a study to assess the efficacy of
modified vertical mattress suturing technique for flap approximation
after periodontal flap surgery. In this study the modified
vertical mattress suturing technique was found to be reliable and
an effective method of suturing for flap approximation [48]. Another
study was conducted to evaluate whether horizontal mattress
suturing is more effective than simple interrupted suturing
on postoperative complication and primary wound healing after
impacted mandibular third molar surgery. There was significantly
less wound dehiscence in the horizontal mattress suturing than
in the simple interrupted suturing technique. According to the
results of this study, the horizontal mattress suturing technique is
more effective than the simple interrupted suturing technique on
wound healing [49].
Similarly, another study was done to assess the influence of suturing
technique on marginal flap stability following coronally advanced
flap. In this study simple interrupted, single sling or sling
and tag suture techniques were investigated through a specific
tool involving a load cell- based recording device. Suturing technique
highly affects the marginal flap stability following coronally
advanced flap and the technique was shown to be a positive predictor
for flap stability [50].
According to Christopher et al, the mattress suture technique is
the most commonly used effective suturing technique and it prevents
early wound dehiscence [57]. Our results are in accordance
with the previous study. This might be because of the advantage
of mattress suturing technique, as it reduces dead space between
the flap and the bone as compared to other suturing techniques
promoting better improvement.
The limitation of the study was that only two different suturing
techniques were included in the study. However this study would
shed light for future studies assessing the influence of other types
of suturing techniques, different suturing materials, surgical procedure
and patient related factors on wound healing.
Conclusion
The present study suggests that better wound healing was observed
among patients with mattress suturing technique when
compared to direct loop suturing technique following periodontal
flap surgery.
Acknowledgement
The author would like to acknowledge the help and support rendered
by Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute
of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University,
Chennai.
Source of Funding
The present project was sponsored by
• Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences,
• Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals,
• Saveetha University,
• Ti Megah Sdn Bhd, Malaysia.
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