Prevalence Of Benign Migratory Glossitis In Patients Visiting A Private Dental College In Chennai
Ilankizhai RJ1, Manjari Chaudhary2*, Madhu laxmi M3
1 Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences(SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil
Nadu, India.
2 Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences(SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India.
3 Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences(SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India.
*Corresponding Author
Manjari Chaudhary,
Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences(SIMATS), Saveetha
University, 162, PH Road, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India.
Tel: +91 9969974889
E-mail: manjaric.sdc@saveetha.com
Received: July 30, 2021; Accepted: August 11, 2021; Published: August 18, 2021
Citation:Ilankizhai RJ, Manjari Chaudhary, Madhu laxmi M. Prevalence Of Benign Migratory Glossitis In Patients Visiting A Private Dental College In Chennai. Int J Dentistry Oral Sci. 2021;8(8):4080-4084. doi: dx.doi.org/10.19070/2377-8075-21000833
Copyright: Manjari Chaudhary©2021. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Abstract
Benign migratory glossitis also known as geographic tongue is a recurrent condition of unknown etiology characterised by loss of epithelium particularly of the filiform papillae on the dorsum of the tongue. The aim of the study is to evaluate the prevalence of benign migratory glossitis in patients visiting a private dental college in Chennai. A retrospective study was done using the case records of patients visiting University hospital from June 2019 - December 2019. Case sheets containing information on Benign Migratory Glossitis were retrieved and analysed. In total, 38 cases were confirmed. Prevalence was found to be 0.09% and was found to be more common in males than in females. In males, geographic tongue is prevalent among the age group 19-28 yrs whereas in females it is prevalent in the age group 29-38 yrs. However, there was no statistically significant correlation between age, gender, and the presence of disease. Within the limits of the study, it can be concluded that benign migratory glossitis has a prevalence rate of 0.09% and is more common in males at a much younger age than females.
2.Introduction
3.Conclusion
4.References
Keywords
Benign Migratory Glossitis; Geographic Tongue; Prevalence Studies; Tongue.
Introduction
Tongue is one of the most important part of the oral cavity. It is
quite impossible to imagine an oral cavity without the tongue. It is
responsible for numerous functions like Speech, Chewing, tasting,
swallowing and in fact breathing. Thus, any lesions occurring on
the tongue needs to be treated with importance and investigated
thoroughly as mouth is the mirror of the body [4, 10, 52, 49].
Diagnosis of a wide variety of developmental anomalies of the
tongue is an essential part of a daily dental practice [22, 25, 48,
53]. One such lesion, most commonly occurring on the tongue is
Benign migratory glossitis. Benign migratory glossitis can be defined
as benign Inflammatory disorder occurring on the dorsum
of the tongue and can probably extend into the lateral borders.
[13]. As it is asymptomatic, not much focus is thrown on this
lesion when other lesions of the tongue are taken very seriously.
This study is an effort to learn more about the demographics and
the Clinical features of the disorder and management Strategies.
[32, 50].
Benign migratory glossitis is a recurrent condition of unknown
etiology characterized by loss of epithelium, particularly the filiform
papillae on the dorsum of the tongue[16, 21]. The loss of
filiform papillae leads to mouth ulcer - like changes in the tongue
which can vary in colour and size. The lesion commonly occur
on the lip, lateral borders, dorsum of the tongue and sometimes
even extend to the ventral portion of the tongue[2]. The location
and the pattern however can change over the time, thus accounting
for the name ‘migratory’. The apparent migration is due to
the concurrent epithelial desquamation at one location and proliferation
at another site[13]. However the etiology of geographic
tongue is not clear. It is found to be associated with allergies and Psoriasis and also associated to occur along with fissured tongue.
Clinical Features
A classical geographic tongue lesion is characterised by multifocal,
circinate, irregular erythematous patches bounded by slightly elevated
white keratotic bands [21]. The white margin is usually 1-2
mm wide and is composed of regenerating filiform papillae mixed
with keratin and neutrophils [13]. The erythematous patch represents
the loss of filiform papillae and the subsequent thinning of
epithelium in that region. The size of each of these lesions can
vary from few millimeters to centimeters [13].
Clinical Presentation
This disorder was first reported by Rayer in 1831 [34]. This disorder
is also known by different names such as Erythema migrans[9]
, geographic Stomatitis [17], stomatitis areata migrans [45] and
migratory stomatitis [56] .The majority of the patients are asymptomatic
, but some Patients complain of pain and burning sensation
and decreased taste Sensation [21]. This Sensation affects the
functioning of the tongue, in some cases. In a few cases, even
these lesions are accompanied by oral discomfort, burning Sensation,
however in the majority of the patients it is asymptomatic,
which is the reason why it goes unnoticed most of the time.
Demographics
The global prevalence Rate is between 1.0% and 2.5% [20]. In
India, its prevalence is 0.89% and overall Prevalence is 1% - 2.5%
in the general population. [40] Females were more commonly affected
[18]. Previous studies report that incidence of geographic
tongue is more in the 20-29 years age group [23].
Treatment
Patients do not usually require treatment apart from reassurance
[21]. Patient needs to be made aware of their diet which includes
hot spicy, acidic foods [51]. which can exacerbate the symptoms
Patient needs to be advised to prevent including these in their diet
but also it is important to make sure the patients follow good oral
hygiene practices[28]band maintain good oral health [5]. Patients
needs to be made aware of existence of such conditions.
Geographic tongue seems to be a friendly condition that never
changes into danger. There are no previous studies that report
the complications that have originated from geographic tongue.
However, it is important to know the existence and clinical features
of the disease among dental professionals [27, 42] in order
to educate and reassure the patients with fear regarding these lesions
[8, 26]. Previously our team has a rich experience in working
on various research projects across multiple disciplines[12, 30, 38,
15, 55, 31, 29, 44, 28, 14, 7, 36, 46, 35, 3]. Now the growing trend
in this area motivated us to pursue this project.
Thus the aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of benign
migratory glossitis in patients visiting Saveetha dental college.
Materials and Methods
The study was carried out in an institutional setting with the advantage
being a large data availability and the disadvantage being
assessment of patients belonging to a similar geographic location.
A retrospective study was done using the case records of patients
visiting University hospital from June 2019 - February 2020. Prior
permission to use the data for the study was obtained from the Institutional
Review Board of the University (SDC/SIHEC/2020/
DIASDATA/0619-0320).
A total of 38 case sheets containing information on benign migratory
syndrome were retrieved and the demographics of the
data analysed. The collected data was subjected to photographic
cross verification. The data collected was statistically analysed using
SPSS Version 20.0. Descriptive statistics and chi square tests
were performed. A p value of less than 0.05% was considered to
be statistically significant.
Results & Discussion
Out of the total 40,000 patients who visited a private dental college
from June 2019- December 2020, 38 Patients were found to
have geographic tongue, the prevalence was found to be 0.09%.
The results also indicated that males (73.7%) were more commonly
affected than females (26.3%) as shown in table 1. The
mean age of the affected population was found to be 36.5 yrs as
shown in table 2.
In females, geographic tongue is prevalent in the age group 29- 38 (50%) years as shown in graph 1, whereas in males it is more
prevalent in the age group 19-28 years (39.2%) as shown in graph
2. Graph 3 represents the distribution of different age groups
among males and females who have benign migratory glossitis.
It can be reported that the disease more commonly occurs in
males in 19-28 years , however there was no statistically significant
(p>0.05) association between presence of benign migratory glossitis
and age or gender as determined by Pearson’s chi square test.
Benign migratory also known as geographic tongue is a benign
asymptomatic condition of unknown etiology which is usually
being missed during diagnosis or misdiagnosed as some other
more serious lesion. Thus, the knowledge about this disease will
prevent such happenings. There are however quite a few studies
which report the demographics of this disease, but only very few
studies about the demographics of this disease have been made
in India.
Assimakopoulos D et al., [2] in 2002, seaport global prevalence
of 0.28-14.4% which is quite high when compared to the results
of our study. Similarly, Mathew AL [23] reported a prevalence
of 0.84% prevalence in south Indian population. Even though,
this study has similar geographic region where the study has been
conducted, the prevalence reported seems to be higher than that
in our study. This may be due to numerous reasons such as the
subjective error during clinical examination as most of the data
collected were done by intern trainees in the college.
Ishibashi et al., [18] reported that females were more commonly
affected whereas which is in contradiction to our study where
males were more commonly affected. Dhakal A et al., [1] reported
that it occurred more in males and the prevalence was highest in
the age go up 21-40 yrs which was similar to the results of our
study.
Jainkittirong et al., [19] reported that incidence of geographic
tongue is more in the 20-29 yrs age group which is also similar to
the results of our study.
This study also had its fair share of limitations. No information
regarding other lesions associated with this were collected so no
association studies could be done. There was no definitive diagnostic
framework on which cases could be classified. Further
studies must be done with a larger sample size, association between
local and systemic disorders as a next step towards understanding
the disease better. Our institution is passionate about
high quality evidence based research and has excelled in various fields [33, 35, 39, 11, 37, 46, 54, 6, 24, 41, 43]. We hope this study
adds to this rich legacy.
Graph 1: Bar Graph shows Distribution of gender of patients undergoing regenerative periodontal procedures with gender on the x axis and number of patients on the y axis. Males reported more commonly for regenerative periodontal therapy.
Graph 2: Bar Graph shows association between technique used for regenerative procedures and gender of the patient, with gender of patient plotted on the x axis and number of patients on the y axis. GTR is represented by blue and GTR with bone Graft is represented by green. Both treatment modalities are done more commonly in males than in females. However there was no Statistically significant correlation using Chi Square Test (Value= 0.562, df=1, p=0.4)p>0.05-Infers no Statistically Significant association between gender and technique for Regenerative procedure.
Graph 3: Bar Graph shows association between different techniques used for regenerative procedures and different quadrants. The quadrant is given on the X axis and the number of patients is represented on the y axis. Regenerative periodontal therapy is more commonly performed using only GTR (blue) in quadrant 1 whereas GTR with bone graft (green) is the more commonly used technique in quadrant 2 and 3, both are used equally in quadrant 4. However the correlation was statistically not significant (Chi Square Test, Value= 1.663, df=3, p=0.6) p>0.05-Infers no Statistically Significant association between quadrant and technique for Regenerative procedure.
Table 1. Represents the frequency distribution of males and females. Out of the 38 patients who had Benign Migratory Glossitis, 26.3% were females and 73.7% were males.
Table 2. Represents the mean age of patients with minimum and maximum age. The mean age of the participants was found to be 36.5 years with the maximum age being 67 years and the minimum age being 21 years.
Conclusion
Geographic tongue or benign migratory glossitis due to its asymptomatic
nature has more often been ignored and not given any
importance. However, clear understanding about the demographics
and clinical features of the disease is of utmost importance
to properly diagnose and differentiate lesions of the tongue and
to provide appropriate and early treatment intervention for the
respective lesions. The results show that geographic tongue has a
prevalence rate of 0.09% and is more common in males at a much
younger age than females.
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