Prevalence of Partial Edentulism and its Association to Gender
Dhinesh Kumar Sanggaya1, Dr. Visalakshi Ramanathan2*
1 Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences(SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, TamilNadu, India.
2 Senior Lecturer, Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences(SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India.
*Corresponding Author
Dr. Visalakshi Ramanathan,
Senior Lecturer, Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences(SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai
600077, Tamil Nadu, India.
E-mail: visalakshirm.sdc@saveetha.com
Received: July 30, 2021; Accepted: August 11, 2021; Published: August 18, 2021
Citation:Dhinesh Kumar Sanggaya, Dr. Visalakshi Ramanathan. Prevalence of Partial Edentulism and its Association to Gender. Int J Dentistry Oral Sci. 2021;8(8):4085-4088. doi: dx.doi.org/10.19070/2377-8075-21000804
Copyright: Dr. Visalakshi Ramanathan©2021. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Abstract
Edentulism (partial or complete) is an indicator of the oral health of a population. Partial edentulism is loss of one or more teeth in one arch due to various reasons like dental caries, periodontitis, trauma, cystic lesions. Partial edentulism not only causes lifestyle compromise but also affects patient’s quality of life. Partial edentulism when not addressed leads to compromised occlusion, altered speech, changes in appearance, TMJ problems. The partial edentulism pattern has been observed globally in different populations.The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence of partial edentulism based on kennedy's classification, evaluate if Gender has a positive or negative correlation with Partial edentulism. A retrospective evaluation was conducted in the Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College by examining the patient record system of the faculty. The study is conducted to find out the prevalence of partial edentulism and its correlation to gender .The study sample consisted of 400 patients who were partially edentulous .Study population consisted of 400 patients of which 220 were males and 180 females. The most prevalent type of partial edentulism is Kennnedy’s Class III among both genders.
2.Introduction
3.Conclusion
4.References
Keywords
Gender; Kennedy’s Classification; Partial Edentulism.
Introduction
Partial edentulism or complete tooth loss is prevalent worldwide
among elderly. Earlier studies have shown that edentulism affects
the health and the overall quality of life of the older generations.
[3, 38] An edentulous span is a gap in the dental arch created due
to loss of one or more tooth [22, 35] Several causes of edentulism
are dental caries, periodontal diseases, trauma, orthodontic
treatment, impacted tooth, hypoplasia, supernumerary teeth,
neoplastic and cystic lesions [12, 37]. The primary purpose of a
classification of partially edentulous arches is to identify potential
combinations of teeth to edentulous ridges in order to facilitate
communication among dental colleagues, students, and technicians
[20, 34, 42].
There are numerous classifications which have been proposed to
classify the partially edentulous arches on the basis of the potential
combinations of teeth to 4 ridges [16, 45]. Among which
currently, Kennedy’s classification is probably the most widely accepted
one. Kennedy divided all partially edentulous arches into
four main groups. In the classification, edentulous areas, other
than those determining the main types, were designated as modification
spaces [4, 5, 43]. The Kennedy’s classification is as follows.
Class I, Bilateral edentulous areas located posterior to the
remaining natural teeth. Class II, A unilateral edentulous area located
posterior to the remaining natural teeth [7, 23]. Class III,
A unilateral edentulous area with natural teeth remaining both
anterior and posterior to it. Class IV, A single, but bilateral (crossing
the midline) edentulous area located anterior to the remaining
natural teeth [2, 11]. Studies on self-perception have shown that
tooth loss is associated with aesthetical, functional, psychological,
and social impacts on individuals.Partial edentulism is one of the
widely studied topics in dentistry [15].
Several studies have analysed the correlation between partial
edentulism and its influencing factors like age and gender. Few
studies also have analysed the awareness among the subjects to replace
the missing teeth. Surveying of RPD patients visiting clinics,
clinical records and population in a particular locality have been
the common method of evaluation of partial edentulism. Most
commonly, recording patient partial edentulism is done by gathering
details through clinical examination. Previously our team has a rich experience in working on various research projects across
multiple disciplines [1, 6, 9, 10, 17, 18, 25, 27, 29, 30, 39, 40, 44,
48, 49]. Now the growing trend in this area motivated us to pursue
this project.
Materials and Methods
This Study was performed in a university setting. The data for the
study was collected by reviewing patient records from the Faculty
of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and the data was assessed
from the time period of June 2019 to April 2020 in this retrospective
evaluation. From the patient records all partially edentulous
cases were included into the study. Ethical clearance was
obtained from the Institutional Ethics Committee of Saveetha
Dental College. The cross checking of data including digital entry
and photographic data entry was done. The main advantages
of this study was that the data was all prevalidated and the main
disadvantage was that it was an unicentric study and only a single
ethnicity of the population was studied. After retrospective data
collection done by the researcher. The data on following variables
were tabulated: Gender and Kennedy’s classification. The data
was randomly cross verified by faculty of prosthodontics. The
sample size consisted of 400 patients. The internal validation was
done by complete data collection and verification of data institutionally.
Results & Discussion
There were 400 patients involved in the study out of which 55%
of the study participants are males and 45% are females. (Figure
1). Kennedy’s Class III is the most prevalent in both male and
females; 32.5% in males and 31% in females. Kennedy’s Class I is
5.25% among males which is the least among that particular gender
and 4.25% in the female study population. Kennedy’s Class
II is 8.5% among males and 6.75% among females. 8.35% of the
population with Kennedy’s class IV are males and 3% are females
(Figure 2).There is a statistically significant difference between
gender and partial edentulism among the study population.(Figure
3,Table 1).
The main usage of Kennedy’s classification in this study for partial
edentulism is for the ease of description of partially edentulous
cases. In this study, Kennedy classification is used because it
simplifies the description of partial edentulism, allows immediate
visualization of the partially edentulous arch, provides a logical
way to display the problems of design, and to simplify the application
of basic principles of partial denture design. In this
study, it was observed that Kennedy’s Class III is the most common
among both males and females. 220 males and 120 females
were included in this study as samples. Partial edentulism is more
common in males than females. Kennedy’s Class III, which is the
most common seen in 130 males and 124 females.The present
study was initiated to assess the prevalence and pattern of partial
edentulism. According to previous study conducted by Ashraf
et al., [19] the commonly occurring type of partial edentulousness
was Kennedy’s Class III in maxilla comprising 23.3 percent
and in mandible 22.1 percent .The prevalence of tooth loss is
more prevalent in males which is 58.2 percent while in females are
41.8 percent [19]. In another study by Manimaran et al., [19, 20.
Kennedy’s Class III is the most common class of partial edentulousness,
54 percent, which is more predominant in males which
percent. According to a study conducted by Madhan Kumar et al.,
[24] the results showed the patients’ with Kennedy’s Class III were
found to be the most prevalent among all the groups which was
fifty five percent. Kennedy’s Class III dental arch was the most
prevalent pattern in both maxillary and mandibular arches in a
study conducted by Fayad et al., [14]. Small sample size and single
centered study were the limitations in this study. Another limitation in this study is there is no variation in ethnicity. Future scope,
the future study can be done in a larger population. Our institution
is passionate about high quality evidence based research and
has excelled in various fields [28, 32, 47, 13, 31, 40, 46, 8, 26, 33,
36]. We hope this study adds to this rich legacy.
Figure 1: Bar graph representing percentage of partially edentulous participants based on Gender distribution. X axis represents the gender, Y axis represents the percentage of participants. 55% of partially edentulous participants were males (Grey). 45% of partially edentulous participants were females(White). Males seem to have higher prevalence of partial edentulism when compared to females in the study group.
Figure 2: Bar graph representing distribution of partially edentulous study participants based on Kennedy's classification. X axis represents Kennedy's classification and Y axis represents the percentage of partially edentulous study participants. Majority of the study population represented Kennedy’s class III classification (63.5%).
Figure 3: is a Clustered Bar graph representing the association between partial edentulism and Gender. X axis represents Gender and Y axis represents percentage of partially edentulous based on Kennedy's classification. Majority of the study population represented Kennedy’s class III in male (32.50%) and female (31%) population. A Chi square analysis was performed to check for association between Partial edentulism and gender. Chi square value 8.445,p value of 0.038(<0.05).Hence there is statistically significant difference between Gender and partial edentulism among the study population.
Table 1. Representing Chi square test for independence between Partial edentulism and Gender. Chi square value of the test statistic is 8.445 with corresponding p value of 0.038 (<0.05).Hence there is a statistically significant difference between gender and partial edentulism among the study population.
Conclusion
Within the limitations of this study, the most prevalent type of
partial edentulism is Kennedy’s Class III partial edentulism more
common in males than females in the current study population.
There is a statistically significant difference between gender and
partial edentulism among the study population.
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