Preventive And Interceptive Need In Children Below 10 Years Of Age
Fahmida Binti Abd Rahman1, Nivethigaa B2*, Uma Maheshwari3
1 Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai – 600 077, TN, India.
2 Senior Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, 162, Poonamallee High Road, Chennai - 600077, Tamil Nadu, India.
3 Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, 162, Poonamallee High Road, Chennai - 600077, Tamil Nadu, India.
*Corresponding Author
Nivethigaa B,
Senior Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, 162, Poonamallee High Road,
Chennai - 600077, Tamil Nadu, India.
Tel: +919524234613
E-mail: nivethigaab.sdc@saveetha.com
Received: May 28, 2021; Accepted: June 16, 2021; Published: July 04, 2021
Citation:Ashfaq Fahmida Binti Abd Rahman, Nivethigaa B, Uma Maheshwari. Preventive And Interceptive Need In Children Below 10 Years Of Age. Int J Dentistry Oral Sci. 2021;8(7):3022-3025.doi: dx.doi.org/10.19070/2377-8075-21000615
Copyright: Nivethigaa B©2021. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Abstract
Interceptive orthodontics treatment is a procedure or intervention phase aiming for eliminating or reducing the need for complex treatment in permanent dentition. These interceptive measures are needed to prevent or avoid adverse occlusal and dental consequences, which are the negative effect for the early loss of primary molars because of nonnutritive habits. The aim of this study is to assess the preventive and interceptive need in children below 10 years old. A total of 41400 case records of patients were evaluated between the period of June 2019 to March 2020. The study was conducted on patients below 10 years old. Case records which were complete and data regarding dental or skeletal malocclusion were included for the study. Incomplete case records were excluded. Convenient sampling method was used and photographic verification was done for cross verification of data. All the data was verified by a single trained examiner. Chi square test was done and the association between age and different types of malocclusion was found to be statistically significant. Within the limit of our study, it could be concluded that prevalence for preventive and interceptive need among children below 10 years of age is relatively low at 6.03%. Males had higher prevalence for preventive and interceptive needs compared to females. Children aged 8-10 years old had higher prevalence for malocclusions when compared to children aged 4-7 years old. Males had higher predilection for malocclusion especially crossbite in comparison to females.
2.Introduction
6.Conclusion
8.References
Keywords
Children; Interceptive; Orthodontics; Preventive.
Introduction
The advantages for interceptive orthodontics treatment are reduction
of protrusion, dental and skeletal malformations, reduction
in terms of overjet, providing space for the eruption and can also
correct the abnormal muscle morphology [1]. Interceptive orthodontic
treatment does not always provide finished orthodontics
treatment in permanent dentition. Several studies have suggested
that technically planned interceptive treatment in mixed dentition
might contribute to a significant decrease in treatment needs for
children aged between 8-12 years old. Even though malocclusions
are not life threatening but some would recommend the use of
interceptive orthodontics treatment as a public health initiative in
order to provide orthodontics treatment in areas where they are
limited access and resources, reducing the cost in these underprivileged
areas. Many young children were commonly left untreated
until the age of 12 years old. Forgetting that the young children
are in the growth phase and that, over the years, the expression
of growth can be modulated, especially in regard to dysfunctions
that have already led to the development of deformations at a
young age. Since these causes were not detected as early as possible,
there is an even greater risk that existing dental malpositions
and malocclusions will become worse over time. The severity of
these problems can then be such that the extraction of permanent
teeth with extended treatment time and more complicated
treatment is frequently necessary. Previously our team has a rich
experience in working on various research projects across multiple
disciplines [2-16]. The aim of the current study was done to
determine the prevalence or preventive and interceptive need in
children below 10 years of age.
Materials And Methods
Study design
The present study was a retrospective study done in a university
setting at a private dental college. A total of 41,400 case records
of patients were evaluated and it was found that 214 patients
matched our criteria and were included in the present study. Out
of 214, 125 were males and 89 of them were females. The advantages
for this study setting is it can provide easy accessibility to
data and provide a population with similar ethnicity. The inclusion
criteria would be all patients and with a history of malocclusion
meanwhile the exclusion criteria would be the incomplete case
sheets and other history.
Data collection
Data was imported in the time period of June 2019 to March
2020. The study was conducted on all patients which were below
10 years old. Convenient sampling method was used and photographic
verification was done for cross verification of data. All
the data was verified by a single trained examiner. Ethical approval
for this study was obtained from the institutional ethical committee.(
SDC/SIHEC/2020/DIASDATA/ 0619-0320). Data regarding
age, gender, presence of malocclusion were performed and
the data was tabulated in Microsoft Excel.The imported data was
analysed using SPSS software (IBM SPSS Statistics, Version 24.0,
Amonk, NY: IBM Corp).
Statistical analysis
Descriptive statistics were used for data summarization. Chi
square test was done to test the association between gender and
types of malocclusion; malocclusion and age; and malocclusion
and gender of children. Independent variables were gender and
age and the dependent variable was the types of malocclusion.
The level for a statistical significance was set at a p value<0.05.
Results And Discussion
According to the association between gender of children with
skeletal and dental malocclusion, it can be seen that females are
mostly affected with dental malocclusion (34.58%) compared to
skeletal malocclusion (7.01%). The prevalence for dental malocclusion
(52.34%) in males is also much higher than skeletal
malocclusion (6.07%). Chi square test was done and the p value
was found to be 0.618 which was more than 0.05. Hence, it was
considered as statistically not significant (Figure 3). Based on
the association between age of children and different types of
malocclusion it can be concluded that children age 4-7 years old
mostly affected with crossbite(7.48%), open bite(4.67%), maxillary
deficiency(1.87%), mandibular deficiency(1.40%),spacing and
crowding shared the same percentage values(0.93%) followed by
deep bite and proclination were the least affected (0.47%). For
children age 8-10 years old, it can be concluded that most of them
had crossbite (20.09%), crowding (16.82%), open bite (13.55%),
proclination (9.81%), spacing (9.35%), mandibular deficiency
(3.27%), deep bite and horizontal mandibular excess (2.80%) and
horizontal maxillary excess (1.40%) was the least type of malocclusion
develop among the children. Chi square test was done and
the p value was 0.042 which was more than 0.05. Therefore, it
was statistically significant (Figure 4). Our institution is passionate
about high quality evidence based research and has excelled in
various fields [17-27].
Prevalence for crossbite among children aged 8-10 years old is
almost three times higher than children aged 4-7 years old. This
finding is in accordance with a study done by Karaiskos et al [28]
which stated that the prevalence of crossbite in older children aged 9 years old is slightly higher than children aged 6 years old
with a percentage value of 11.9% and 10.5% respectively. This
finding could be attributed to the fact that the number of examined
was higher in older children or could be due to older children
visiting dental clinics more than younger children.
Limitations of this study is that due to small sample size included.
Since it was a retrospective study, there was also possible for manual
errors during data collection or data analysis. Furthermore,
it was only based on a single institutional. Further studies to be
performed with huge sample size and confirmation from few examiners
were required to avoid manual error during data collection
or data analysis. In addition, it should also cover multiple
cities and centres.
Figure 1. Bar graph represents the distribution of gender in children less than 10 years of age. X axis represents gender of the patients and Y axis represents number of children with various malocclusion. Males (black) 58.41% had higher prevalence for malocclusions compared to females (white) 41.59%.
Figure 2. Bar graph represents the frequency distribution of different malocclusion among children. X axis represents various malocclusion and Y axis represents number of children with various malocclusion. Majority of the children had dental malocclusion compared to skeletal malocclusion and crossbite (yellow) is the most common dental malocclusion (27.57%).
Figure 3. Bar graph represents gender of children association in children with skeletal and dental malocclusion. X axis represents gender of children and Y axis represents the number of children with various malocclusion. (Chi square test p value - 0.168 >0.05, hence statistically not significant). Male had higher prevalence for dental malocclusion compared to females although significantly not associated.
Figure 4. Bar graph represents the association of age of children with different types of malocclusion. X axis represents malocclusion and Y axis represents the number of children with various malocclusion. (Chi square test p value - 0.042 <0.05, hence statistically significant). Children aged 8-10 years old had higher prevalence for crossbite when compared to children aged 4-7 years old and hence there is significant association.
Figure 5. Bar graph represents the association of types of malocclusion and gender of children. X axis represents malocclusion and Y axis represents number of children with various malocclusion. (Chi square test p value- 0.255 >0.05, hence statistically not significant). Males(Black) had higher prevalence for malocclusion especially crossbite, followed by crowding in comparison to females(White) ,hence there is no significant association.
Conclusion
Within the limit of our study, it could be concluded that prevalence
for preventive and interceptive need among children below
10 years of age is relatively low at 0.06%. Males had higher prevalence
for preventive and interceptive needs compared to females.
Children aged 8-10 years old had higher prevalence for malocclusions
when compared to children aged 4-7 years old. Hence
early diagnosis and treatment at the appropriate time utilising the
leftover growth can aid in intercepting various malocclusion.
Acknowledgement
We thanked Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals for providing
data for the current study.
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